somâ, somârâ,
you, pron. azâne
to, at, adj., azâne to [n], thy;
azâne somâ, your, adj. (Persian)
panski, twoj, wasz, your (Polish) TEU, old Romanian
for your
juaj, tënd, yt, i
njeriut, tipik, your, pron. (Albanian)
tu, 2nd person pers. & reflex.,
Nom., you;
tui, 2nd person pers. & reflex.
Gen., you
chi (chwi), chwithau,
dy ('th), eich ('ch), ti
(Welsh)
tu, pers. pron. you,
thou, sing.
tuo, tuoi, adj. poss.
your, thy, yours, sing. pl. (Italian)
tu, pers. pron., you;
toi, pers. pron. you,
possessive; ton, poss. adj.
[m] (f. ta, pl. tes) your, thine (French)
tebe, tebi, ti,
vama, vas, vi
(Serbo-Croatian)
pan, pani, ty, wy,
you (Polish)
ty [sing.], vy [pl.]
Belarus)
tu, thou (Baltic
Sudovian)
tu (Baltic
Lithuanian)
chi (chwi), chwithau,
dy ('th), eich ('ch), ti
(Welsh)
agaibh, chugad, to you, s.; sibh, ye; té [f], t',
thy; tu and tù, tus, thusa (Scott)
da, te (Breton)
ta, tu,
toi, te,ton, tes
(French)
tu, tuo,
tuoi, vi (Italian)
tu, thou (Tocharian)
tuk (Hittite)
you, to you
tu (TV), TE,
Te, See above
vaH
tava [tûm], of
thee, thwa [-]
thwat [tûm]
(thee) thwat
[tûm] ve (Avestan)
azâne somâ, your, adj. (Persian)
panski, twoj, wasz, your (Polish)
jusun, your
(Baltic-Sudovian)
dikos sas
(Greek)
juaj, tënd, yt,
injerint, tirik
(Albanian)
tibi
chi (chwi), chwithau, dy ('th),
eich ('ch), ti (Welsh)
bhur, bhur n- (Scott)
da (Breton)
ve (Italian)
ta, tes, votres,
vos (French)
your, yours
ti, ta? See above
bhArman, support,
board, table; paTTakan [f], plate, tablet,
cloth, bandage, document; phalaka, adj.
result, advantage, halaka [n], tablet,
board, a
wooden bench, palm of
the hand, shield
tim, timyati, to
become quiet; il {ilati}, come, {ilayati},
be quiet, not budge; rati
[f], rest, repose, quiet, comfort, pleasure,
sexual intercourse; tuS,
tuSyati, to become
quiet, satisfied,
pleased
siopilos, siopiros,
tacit; boubos,
afonos, silent
(Greek)
qetësoj, resht, to be quiet; heshtje,
qetësi, quiet [n]
(Albanian)
taceo-ere-itum
distewi, to be
silent,
calm, quiet; tawedog,
adj. silent, taciturn,
reticent (Welsh)
tacere (Italian)
tacite, adj. tacit
(French)
to be silent [<Lat.| sileo -ere -ui], still
[<OE still], quiet
[<Lat.
quietus -a-um]
tas, Script Z1168, Au32, XM-2 tasi,
Script XM-6
RNin, adj., indebted, obliged
[m],. a debtor;
saRNa, adj., having
debts, indebted; RNa, adj., guilty [n],
guilt, debt, obligation,
RNadhAray, to be
indebted to
dhvan, to cover; khan, khanati, -te, to dig, dig
up, delve, bury; dhA, dadhAti, dhatte;
dadhati, -te,to
put, set, lay, think of, cause, bear, set upon
(esp. the fire), hide, conceal, cover, cause
to be laid in, shut up
nikañte
[ni-kan],
to bury; daxma [-],
grave (Avestan)
puses [n],
pusândan,
pusidan, to cover; bexâk sepordan, to
bury (Persian)
be-dap
(Yagnobian)
apsifo, to deny;
tulmo, prokalo,
proklisi, to
dare, challenge
(Greek)
sridoj, to challenge
(Albanian)
provoco-are
beiddio, to dare,
presume, defy (Welsh)
deò
(Scott)
sfidare (Italian) défier, to defy,
dare, challenge; défi, [m] (French)
to defy
[<OFr. desfier], challenge, dare [<OE durran]
teu (TEF) Script
AN20; re:
deviv (OE, Script K136
(probably revio – (L.
reveho-vehere -vexi
-vectum) ride back, sail back– the last three
words of K136)
iisha divi, in heaven divya devaaya, divine
deva, devaM, God
devataa, devi, goddess; Bhaga, among the dieties of the highest
sphere; sometimes
another expression of god in the Rig Veda.
bog, god bogina,
goddess
(Serbo-Croatian)
bog, bostwo, god
(Polish)
boh [m] (Belarus)
deivas, God,
father of light
(Baltic-Sudovian) ZEU,
god (Romanian)
Zeus, light;
théos, a god
(Greek)
nyjni, zot,
perëndi
(Albanian)
kInAra, m., cultivator
of the soil' akRSTa,
untilled soil; devaloka, the world of the
gods; talaloka, the nether
world; ASTrI, [f]
fireplace, hearth;
kSam [f], the earth;
bhUr,
earth
tellus-oris [f], earth;
tela-ae [f] a web in weaving, a warp, a
spider's web, a loom; telum-i, a missile,
dart, javelin, spear, beam of light, focus-i
[m],
fireplace, hearth; terra-ae [f], earth, land, soil, country
biegun, polak, polka, slup,
tyczka, pole
(Polish) TEAMĂ,
fear (Romanian)
polos, passalos
(Greek)
timon, shtyllë,
shtizë, pol
(Albanian)
temo-onis [m], pole; timere, to fear
cledr-au [f], pole, post, pile,
rail, palm; pawl polion
[m], pole, stake, pile; polyn-polion [m], pole, picket; trostan-au
[f], pole (Welsh)
timone [m] rudder,
pole of a cart ; tema, timore, fear, to fear
(Italian)
timon [m], pole, pole of a cart; craindre,
redouter, to fear (French)
pole [<Gk., palus, stake] the pole of a
waggon
tema (K96)
TeMIA, Script Au-3, Au-90 (probably Te MIA,
your month of May or Mia, mother of Mercury
bhR, bibharti,
hold,
wear, carry, keep,
convey, transport,
maintain, support; tan, tanoti, tanute,
last, continue,
protract,compose,
make; dharati,
-te,
dhArayati, -te,
to hold, support, bear, carry on, possess
dar- geredhmahi
[garedh], to hold
(Avestan)
negâh dâstan, dârâ
budan, pâydâr budan, to hold
dâstan, vâdâr kardan,
nâgozir, budan, to have
(Persian)
drska, posed
(Serbo-Croatian)
held, ladownia,
obchodzic, sadzic, trzymac, uchwyt,
uwazac, zawierac,
hold; brac, took,
zabierac, take;
posiadac, possess
(Polish) trymac, v. imp.
(Belarus) ŢIN,
I hold; ŢINE,
he/she holds; TÂNĂR, young male; TÂNĂRĂ,
young female (Romanian)
krato, katecho,
hold; diatiro,
diafylasso,
preserve; pairno,
piano, take;
(Greek)
mendaj, to hold,
take; besoj, to
hold; kuptoj,
arrij, to take;
kam, zotëroj,
posedoj, to hold,
possess (Albanian)
teneo,tenere,
tenui,
tentum possideo
sidere- sedi -sessum, to
have, possess, hold
cadw, to keep,
preserve, save, hold, conserve, guard, detain,
retain, observe (Welsh)
beir,
va.irr. beirsinn,
take hold of, bring,
produce, catch;
teannaich, va. tighten, close, draw or crowd
together (Scott)
tenere (Italian)
tenir (French)
ta, to take (Hittite)
to hold [<OE healdan], possess, keep [<OE cepan,
to observe],
preserve, seize [<OFr. seisir],
occupy [<Lat. occupo-are],
manage [<Lat.
manus,
hand],
remain [<Lat.
remaneo-manere
mansi -mansum, to remain behind], bring [<OE bringan]; take [ON taka]
tendo, tendere,
tetendi, tentum and
tensum; extendo
tendere -tendi -tensum,
to stretch
estyn, to extend, reach, pass, hand,
stretch, lengthen, prolong; taenu, to spread, expand, stretch (Welsh)
estendere, to stretch; attentato, to
attempt (Italian)
tenter, to attempt;
tendre, to stretch; happer, to snap up, to snatch, to waylay
(French)
pangarija, to spread
(Hittite)
to stretch [<OE streccan] spread [<OE spraeden],
to direct, present, to pitch, direct one's
course,|
tend, attempt happen [<ON happ]
âthritîm
[âthritya] thrish,
thrice (Avestan)
sebarâbar, selâ,
segâne, threefold; sevorn,
sevorni,
yek sevorn, adj.
[n], third
(Persian)
trzeci, trzecia
czesc, third
(Polish)
tirtas, third
(Baltic-Sudovian) TREI,
three (Romanian)
treis fores, thrice;
trito, third (Greek)
triherë
(Albanian)
ter
trydydd (trydedd) [f],
adj. third; tri (tair) [f],
three (Welsh)
treas; trian, a
third part (Scott)
terzo (Italian)
troisième (French)
three times,
thrice [<OE thriga]
ter, Script Q311,
R49, R619 see
numbers
dharaNi avaniM, earth; rup [f], the earth; ku [f], earth, soil, land; kaTT, kaTTayati, to heap up the earth
about, make a hill; kSam [f], the earth; bhUr, earth
ffin-iau [f], terfyn-au [m], boundary,
limit,
barrier, border, bound, frontier (Welsh)
termine [m], term,
limit, boundary; fine [m], end (Italian)
term [m], term, limit; terminus [m], last stop fin [f], end
(French)
erha, a boundary; irhai, to limit (Hittite)
limit [<Lat. limesitis [m], path, course, boundary line],
boundary, cairn [<ME carne, of Celtic origin, a mound set up as
a
boundary], finish
TERMeNES,
Script N206
zANa, f. grind, or
touchstone; peSaNa, m., f., grind-stone; piS,
pinaSTi (piMSati),
grind pound, rub,
crush; ghRS,
gharSati; likh, likhati (-te)v, to
scratch, furrow, slit,
draw, write, chisel,
form, smooth, polish
mâlidan, sudan,
sâyidan, to rub;
narm, hamvâr,
ravân, smooth, adj. sâyes, grind
[n], ârdan, sâyidan, to grind
(Persian)
malakos, leios,
malakono, to
smooth (Greek)
ferkoj, prek, to
rub; grit, bluaj, to
grate, lemoj, to
smooth (Albanian)
tero, terere,
trivi,
tritum, to whet,
smooth
tergeo-ere
and tergo-ere, tersi, tersum
llyfnhau, to smooth,
level, plane;crensio, to grind your teeth; malu, to grind,
mince, chop,
smash, pound, mill
(Welsh)
lisciare,levigare, to
smooth (Italian); lisser, splaner, to
smooth, to rub; grincer,
to creak [porte], gnash [dents], to grate; torchon [m] dish towel, wiper (French)
to rub [<ME rubben], whet [<OE hwettan], to smooth
[<OE smoth], to grind [<OE grindan],
use up to wipe,
scour, clean; level
[<Lat. libra, balance]
teros (tervs)
N349, ters
See
MvLAK
ghRS, gharSati, to
polish, crush, pound,
rub off; mRj, mArSTi,
mRSTe, to wipe,
clean, polish, rub,
stroke, adorn; likh,
likhati (-te), to scratch,
furrow, slit; draw a line, write, delineate,
sketch, paint; nata,
adj., bent, curved,
rounded; masRNa,
adj., soft, smooth,
tender; sama, adj. even, smooth, parallel; like,
equal to, the same
spatalos, asotos,
waster (Greek)
fyej, përdhos, to
desecrate; përdhos,
përlyej, to profane; laik, jofetar, profan,
profane [n]
(Albanian)
deseco -secare
secui -sectum, to
hew off, cut off;
tesqua
[tesca] orum, n. pl wasters, deserts
profano-are, to profane or desecrate
digysegru, to desecrate
halogi, to defile,
profane, pollute,
deprave, desecrate
(Welsh)
profanare, to desecrate; perdere, to lose
(Italian);
profaner, to profane, desecrate; perdre, to lose, waste, ruin
(French)
hew [<OE heawan]
off, cut [<ME cutten] off?
desecrate,
profane,
waste [<Lat.
vastare, to make
empty]
aparokSay, -yati, to
witness; vettR [m],
knower, witness; diz, dideSTi, dizati, -te, to
point out, show, produce a witness, bestow,
order, command, direct;
ahīnavādin,
a witness capable of giving evidence
govâhi dâdan, to
testify (Persian)
dawac swiadectwo,
swiadczyc, testify
(Polish)
martyro (Greek)
jam dëshmitar,
kaloj, jetoj, shoh, dëshmoj, provoj, to witness (Albanian)
testor-ari
tystio,
to attest,
testify, witness,
depose (Welsh)
testificare, to
testify
(Italian); témoigner,
to testify, bear witness (French)
to bear witness [<OE witnes],
give evidence,
make a will, show
[<OE sceawian, to
look at]
dR, driyate, to regard, respect, mind; gaNay,
yati, to number,
calculate, count,
establish a value on, regard, care about; muT,
moTate, to break
or pluck off, strangle, smother, kill; mr,
marati, marate, die, depart from life, kill,
slay, put to death
negâh [n],
negaristan, to
regard; kostan, to kill (Persian)
adga [m], stalk, stem, cane; taka, pron. stem;
vanaspati [m], tree (lit. lord of the wood),
stem, trunk, beam, timber, the sacrificial
post, the Soma plant
adga [m], stalk, stem, cane; taka, pron. stem;
vanaspati [m], tree (lit. lord of the wood),
stem, trunk, beam, timber, the sacrificial
post, the Soma plant
daktylidi, palaistra,
koudounisma,
koudounizo, ring
(Greek)
fut në rreth,
rrethoj, kumbon,
qarkoj, vë unzën, tingëllon, to ring; tingull, tingëllim, tingëllimë, ring [n] (Albanian)
tinnio-ire,
to ring,
tinkle; to pay money
tinc-iau-iadau
[m],
tinkle, jingle, clang, ring tonc-iau, f],
tinkle, ring,
clash (Welsh)
tintinnare
(Italian)
tinter, to ring,
tinkle
(French)
to ring
[<OE hringan], tinkle [<MEtynclen],
pay money?
chorizo,
diachorizo,
choristos, separate diafero, differ
(Greek)
i largët, larg, i
ftohtë, i thellë,
distant, adj.
dalloj, ndryshoj,
dallohem, grindem,
ndahem, në
mendime, to differ
(Albanian)
distro-are,
to be
distant, apart, differ
amrywio, to vary,
differ, fluctuate;
gwahaniaethu, to
distinguish,
differentiate,
discriminate, differ
(Welsh)
distare, to separate,
divert (Italian);
distraire, to
separate, entertain
(French)
epithet following the name the
goddess Aph, to
be distinct
[<Lat.
distinguo
stingurere -stinxi
stinctum], apart [<OFr. a part, to
the side], separate
[<Lat. separo-are]?
iubar-aris, beaming
light, radiance, a
heavenly body, esp. the sun; iuba-ae [f],
mane, crest; iudico-are,
to be a judge, decide, declare;
iudicatus-um, of
persons, condemned,
of things, decided;
Iuppiter, Jovis [m]
Jupiter, the Roman
supreme god; sub.
love, in the open air.
bolesny, powazny, smutny,
sad
(Polish) TRIST,
sad (Romanian)
lypimenos, akefos, sad; agrios,
trachys, harsh (Greek)
ngalakaq [n], sad;
trishtuar, i
dëshpëruar, i
pikëlluar, i errët, i
vrerosur, i zymtë, i tmerrshem, sad,
adj. (Albanian)
tristis-e,
sad, dismal, forboding, harsh, bitter
trist,
adj. sad,
sorrowful, doleful
(Welsh)
trute, sad
(Italian);
triste, sad
(French)
harsh [<ME harsk,
of Scand. orig.], dismal
[<Lat. dies mali, evil
days],
sad [<OE saed]?
tris, Script Q376
ajamāra,
of a tribe or prince
dudmân, zand,
tribe [n] (Persian)
plemie, szczep,
tribe (Polish)
fyli (Greek) fis,
klan (Albanian)
tribus-us [f], a tribe, a division of the Roman
people
dotkniecie,
dotyk,
dotykac, kontakt,
poruszyc,
wzruszac, touch;
koszula, shirt
(Polish) TOCA
(TVCA) he, she touches; TOCI, to
wear, to take the edge off (Romanian)
agkizo, sygkino,
afi, epafi, agkigma, touch; orema, foustani,
gown, forema, garment;
poukamiso, shirt;
mplouza, blouse
(Greek)
prek, emocionoj,
përkas, cek, cik, ka lidhje me, trajtoj,
fitoj [bised.], prishem, arrij, ndjek,
trondit, ngjyroj, to touch togë,
petk zyrtar, toga (Albanian)
tango,
tangerre, tetigi, tactum, to touch,
strike, put, hit, a boundary, to reach, to
steal, to defile, to taste;
toga-ae [f] a
white
woolen upper garment
cyffwrdd, to touch,
meet, adjoin; teimlo, to feel, touch, handle,
manipulate; crys-au [m], shirt; gwn (gynau)
[m], gown (Welsh)
toccare, to
touch;
toga [f] gown,
toga
(Italian);
toucher, to
touch;
toge [f] gown,
toga (French)
tek, to touch;
wu, wi, two (Tocharian)
to touch? toga?
gown [<Lat. gunna, fur robe] (probably to touch)
do,
two, adj. [n];
dâdan,
baxsidan, to give (Persian)
erku, two
(Armenian)
dwa, dwojka, two;
dawac, gave,
podawac, give
(Polish)
du (Baltic
Lithuanian) DOI,
two), DOUA,
the second
dyo, two; dino, give (Greek)
dy, two; jap,
dorëzoj, lëshoj [një britmë],
fal,
përcjell, dhuroj,
transmetoj, mbaj
[leksion], bie,
paguaj, shkatoj,
shikon nga, to give
(Albanian)
duo-ae -o,
two;
do, dare, dedi, datum,
to give
dau, dwy [f], adj. two;
dodi, to put, place, lay,
give (Welsh)
due [m], adj. dare, to give (Italian);
deux [m], adj. donner,
to give (French)
dadon (they gave,
Phrygian)
wu, wi, two
(Tocharian)
twi (Hittite)
two? offer, grant [<OFr. creanter, to assure], bestow [<ME bestowen],
devote [<Lat.
devoveo
vovere
vovi votum], give [<OE giefan]
tote, loipon, then;
o pio kontinos,
epomenos,
prosechis, next;
thabo, bury
(Greek)
monument varri,
varr, tomb [n]; varros, to entomb;
grumbull, gurèsh,
pirg dheu, dodèrvar, tumè,
mound (Albanian)
tum;
then, at that time;
tumeo-ere, to swell, be swollen, be
puffed up, be pompous;
sepelio-pelire-pelivi and pelti-peltum, to
bury, ruin, destroy;
partic. sepultus,
buried, sunk,
immersed; sepulcrum-i,
tomb, grave; tumulus-i
[m], mound of earth, hillock, hill, esp. a
sepulchral mound
wedyn, afterwards,
then; yna ('na), there, then; ynteu (ynte)
adv., then, ynteu (ynte) conj. , or else,
otherwise; bedd-au-i [m], grave, tomb,
sepulcher; claddu, to bury, entomb, inter;
golo, to conceal, bury (Welsh)
poi, then ; tumulare,
to bury; tomba [f]
grave; tomo, [m] volume (Italian)
alors, puis, then; tombe [f],
tomb; tome, [m] tome; enterrer, to bury
(French)
then [<OE thenne], at that time, next, thereupon;
tomb, grave [<OE graef];
bury [<OE byrgan]
tom, tum (TVM)
Script Z1352,
Z1623, Z1641; seeNote (8)
x
x
x
x
domito-are,
subdue, break in, to tame domitus-us, taming
dR, driyate, regard,
respect, mind, be
regardful towards;
pluS, ploSati, to burn, singe; uS, oSati &
uSNAti, to burn, consume, destroy, punish;
kSA, kSAyati,
to burn, set on fire,
scorch
cinasti [cit], to
think, be informed,
to know, to regard
(Avestan)
suzândan, suxtan, to burn; bereste kardan, beryân kardan, sorx
kardan, to parch; negâh [n], negaristan,
to regard (Persian)
alternate meaning of:
tor, tora,
tore, tores,
tori, toro
x
x
x
Aphrodite
Venus
x
Turan, a goddess
connected with
Heracles and Tinia. Her symbols are a
staff with a
pomegranet and she rides on a swan. She is
identified as Aphrodite (Venus).
Torce Fel
Sueitus, name of haruspex; also on a mirror
torce (TVRCE) Script HA-2, DE-6
x
x
x
x
taurinus-a-um,
of or like a bull;
Augusta Taurinorum, Turin
x
people of Turin,
Italy?
Torines, Turines
(TVRINES), Script
AL-8
janasaMmarda [m],
throng of people,
crowd; mahAgaNa
[m], a great multitude or crowd; saMgha [m],
a band, company,
crowd; gaNa [m],
crowd, troop, host,
tribe, flock, series
truncus-i, trunk of the body;
pectus-oris,
breast, heart, soul,
mind; turus-i [m]
any round
proturberance; a
muscle, a bed, sofa, a marriage couch, a bier,
a mound; fig. an
ornament; torqueo,
torquere, torsi, tortum, to twist,
wind, curl, wrench, to distort, to hurl
violently, whirl, to rack, torture, torment,
plague, try, test; tortus-a-um,
twisted, crooked, intricate
cordeddu,
to twist,
twine, entwine (Welsh)
torso [m], torso;
torcere, to
twist, wring (Italian);
torse [m]; torsade [f],
twisted, fringe, twisted cord, coil; tronc
[m], trunk (French)
sasta, a bed (Hittite)
tondeo,
tondere,
totondi, tonsum, to
shear, shave, clip;
mow, reap, prune,
browse on, fleece a person
cneiffio, to shear,
fleece, clip, poll
gwelleifio, to shear;
eillio, to shave, razor (Welsh)
tossare, radere (Italian)
tondre, seraser
(French)
to shear [<OE sceran], shave [<OE sceafan]
tose, tuse
(TVSE),
Script N324, K136
x
x
x
x
Tusci-orum
[m];
Tuscus-a-um,. adj.
x
the Tuscans,
Etruscans,
inhabitants of
Etruria?
Tusk (TVSK), Script
N112
akhilaM, akhila; azeSa [m], no
remainder; adj.
entire, whole; adv.
entirely, wholly;
akhila, whole, entire, wholly, completely,
all, everything; sarva, adj., whole, entire,
all, [m], everyone, pl. all;
everything; with a neg. not every, not
everyone, no, nothing; nikhila, entire, whole
ceo, potpun, sav
celina, whole
(Serbo-Croatian)
calkowity, caly,
zupelny, entire;
calosc, caly, whole (Polish)
cely, adj. entire; uvies
[m], usia [f], usio [n.], usie [pl.], adj. entire, all, every
(Belarus)
pastipas, complete; visai, entirely; pilnas, whole
(Baltic-Sudovian) TOATE,
entire f. pl., all of them; TOATĂ,
entire - f. TOŢI, all of them (Romanian)
olokliros, olos
(Greek)
i gjithë, entire; i
tërë, i plotë, i
patrëdijur, absolut, total
(Albanian)
tutus-a-um,
totius, toti
llwyr, adj. entire, complete, total
(Welsh)
buileach, adj. complete, entire; léir, entirely;
tuath [f] peasantry,
country people; uile
(Scott)
totale, tutto, whole
(Italian)
entier, tout, whole
(French)
teuta, people, tribe
(Illyrian) pont,puk (Tocharian)
tuta, an army (Lycian)
tuzzi, army (Hittite)
entire [<Lat.
integer], whole
[<OE hal],
total [<Lat. totus], absolute
[<L. absolvo
solvere-solvi
solutrum] to
loosen, to free; in general to
complete]
gopAy, -yati & -yate, to
guard, protect, keep
secret, shelter; trA,
trAyate, trAte (-ti), to protect, shelter,
rescue from; pA, pAti, to
protect, watch, shelter,
defend, rule, govern; rakS, rakSati, -te, to
protect, guard, keep, save from, take care of
tutin (TVTIN), Script Z656
tuto
(TVTO)
Script XB-30
tuto (TVTV)
Script N160 , Script N160;
Notes:
(1) See
Indo-European Table for decum, "ten." This
may be the word ten.
(2)
Feltvne (name of a god, the great thunder; see the
Divination_Lesson.html, mirror from Tuscania. Note
that the suffix "e" in tvne relates to a masculine
god. Fel is translated as "great."
(3) A key tounderstanding the use of the vowel
suffix for masculine and feminine is in the pronoun,
ta, te, Te, ti, tu (tv)
(4) The Tarquins are an Etruscan gens that founded
Rome. This short script on the Divination Lesson.html is
important to the establishment of some grammatical
rules, as this refers to Tarkonos (Tarkvnvs). The
text reads as follows: to Feltone (Feltvne) they
augur ( ocern, vcern = L. auguro-are) the liver
(fiaul = Fr. fole [m]; It. fegato [m]; L.
iecur-iecoris-and iocineris) of Tarquin (Tarkonos,
Tarkvnvs) rar lr, the rare / extraordinary (L.
rarus-a-um) of [the household god] god, lr = LaR (L.
lar-laris [m]); i.e., "Before the god Veltune they
augar the liver of Tarquin the great of god." Click here To view Tarquinia,
the Etruscan city named after Tarquin the Great.
(5)
Here we have a passage in script "N" that identifies
Ager Uni (aker [L. ager, agri, land] vni) in the
preceeding phrase; then begins, ": tota tarina te."
It repeats, tri8v tarina te tvrs kvm: Uni is the
supreme female diety (Latin Juno), a consort of Tini
(Latin Jupiter, Greek Zeus). We can see in the
Divine_mirror.html that Ralna is Tini's consort in
the story of the birth of Helen of Troy. Ralna is a
goddess depicted in the Divine_Mirror.html with a
goose to her left. The mother of Helen in Greek myth
is Leda, who was married to the Spartan king
Tyndareüs. She was not the real mother of
Helen, since she was delivered a goose egg either by
a shepherd or by the messenger of the gods, Hermes.
Leda hatched the egg and reared the gossling as her
own. The chick grew into the most beautiful woman in
the world, married to Agamemnon's brother,
Menelaüs. King Tyndareüs ceded his throne
to Menelaüs. Helen was abducted by their friend
from Troy, a prince named Paris, son of king Priam.
Paris was their house-guest when King Menelaüs
had was called away to attend his maternal
grand-father's funeral (his name was King Catreus)
in Crete. While her husband was away, Paris stole
both Helen and her household treasures, taking them
home to Troy. This caused the launching of
Agamemnon's fleet of a thousand ships and the
consequential ten-year-long Trojan war. Helen's real
mother was the goddess Nemesis whom Zeus chased to
Crete. She changed into many forms to avoid him,
finally, as a goose; but Zeus changed into a swan,
after which he caught her and raped her. Nemesis is
the goddess of retribution for evil deeds or
undeserved good fortune – viewed as the resentment
aroused in men. She is said to be the daughter of
Nyx (night). We can see in the story of Helen of
Troy (queen of Sparta) how her beauty turned out to
be a nemesis for that age, about 1,200 B.C. (See
Hesiod, Theogony, 223-224; Apollodorus
3.10.7; Hyginus, Poetica Astronomica 2.8,
and Pausanias 1.33.2-8, 7.4.2-3.)
(6)
According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, connected
with the rite of Jupiter was the worship of three
dieties in one temple, including Jupiter, Juno and
Minerva, (Greek: Zeus, Hera and Athena) and this,
the resource claims, is a practice the Etruscans
shared. Both Zeus and Jupiter were identified as the
carriers of light and lightening and thunder were
their main weapons. Their names are identified with
the root diu, "bright." Tini is identified with
thunder and lightening, and Etruscan hauruspicis
would divine, reading lightening bolts, the flight
of birds and livers.
(7)
Turan, as depicted in the Divine_Mirror.html, the
story of Helen of Troy, appears with the attributes
of Aphrodite (Roman Venus), who was born from the
genitals of Uranus when they were thrown into the
sea. Aphros in Greek means "sea foam," in which she
was born and cast up on the shores of Cyprus. Her
symbol, the pomegranate, signifies that she is a
fertility goddess, and her son is Eros (Roman Amor
or Cupid) who is shown as a winged, naked boy with a
bow and gold-tipped arrows. Many of his activities
involving the arrangement of love affairs were
mischievous, but he was worshipped as a god of love
and loyalty among men. In any event, as Paris'
reward, Aphrodite caused the most beautiful woman in
the world, Helen, to fall in love with Paris of
Troy. She offered this as a reward to him who had
been invoked by Hera, Athena and Aphrodite to judge
which of them was the fairest. Hera promised to make
Paris the ruler of the world, Athena vowed that he
would always be victorious in war, and Aphrodite
promised him the love of the most beautiful woman in
the world. Paris chose Aphrodite's prize. And that
started the Trojan war. In the Divine_Mirror.html
Heracles is involved with the presentation of what
appears to be Eros to Tini – a mystery at the
moment. There are two versions of the birth of Eros,
and perhaps a third being told by the
Divine_Mirror.html. Eros (Love) existed from the
begining, with Ge (Earth), Tartarus (a place of
darkness below the earth – an anvil would fall for
nine days to reach it) and Chaos. Another version
accounts Aphrodite as the mother –father unknown –
but perhaps his father was Heracles (who had
liaisons with godesses and woman), at least in the
Etruscan mirror.
(8)
The verb, to bury, may lead us into some old
Indo-European cognate having to do with the way the
early Indo-Europeans of the steppes buried their
dead. that has to do with mound burials. The
burials, also known as dolmens, – where the soil has
gone away that had originally covered the crypt –
covered the north eastern and north western shores
of the Black Sea, the Crimea, Troy and Turkey,
Thessaly, Illyria (Albania), Etruria, the Iberian
Peninsula, the French Atlantic coast, the British
Isles, and parts of northern Germany, Holland, etc.
And in the Far East we find the mound burials again,
among the Tocharians in the Altai mountains, along
the Silk Road. The Tocharians included red-headed
individuals and mixed mongoloids. Their language was
Indo-European, and their mounds in Siberia became
famous as a result of the discovery of the "Ice
Maiden" reported by the National Geographic Society.
Her mound followed the pattern of Scythian mounds,
where the burial chamber was lined with large
timbers. To view a burial of the Eastern Black Sea
region, called the "Princess of Ipatovo," click
here.
The burial mounds had at least three functions: that
of honoring the dead (the larger mounds often being
of leaders), sacred sites of heroes and
watch-towers.
In the story of Jason
of the Argonauts, "The Voyage of Argo," by
Apollonius of Rhodes (3rd century B.C.), Jason
explains in the raising of the burial mound of one
of his men that the mound covered the cremated
remains of the hero, it was a place around which
games were held in honor of the hero, and it was
left as a land-mark which would be honored for eons
to come. This is also a practice in the Odyssey of
Homer. The Homeric way of burial in fact was with
barrows, or mounds; and most of the dead are
cremated. Achilles' friend, Patrocles, for instance,
is one of the first in the ten-year-long Trojan war
to be buried, and his remains were cremated, a mound
thrown up around which games were held. The mound
was left as a land-mark, along with other mounds of
fallen heroes in the Troad. In the "Metamorphosis,"
by Ovid (1st century B.C.) we find many burials
continue in the same fashion, with cremation and
barrows being the burial practice (except for those
transformed into animals and heavenly bodies. In the
story of the raven, which Apollo saw as a beautiful
young girl, after having held her (she was pure
white) to his breast he turned on her and shot her
in the breast with his deadly arrow. He held her in
his arms, lamenting the act, while the funeral pyre
was being prepared, and she tells him that she is
pregnant with his son. He saves the son. Among the
Greco-Roman stories the heroes were cremated and
mounds were raised. The actual practice of cremation
was more prevalent among the Etruscans and earlier
Villanovans, communities along the Danube and Troy.
Shaft graves (interments) appear to have been the
preferred method of burial elsewhere. The Scythian
and Saromatian burials of the Black Sea show a
stone-lined cyst around a corpse, along with its
entourage and accoutrements, and often mounds were
used over and over. They often were over 50' high
(15 meters or so). When we apply the data of this
table to the archeological records of the burials of
these ancient peoples we find a correlation in the
language. "To bury" in Italian is "tumulare," to
raise a mound; a burial in Albanian is "tumë,"
a mound. In contrast the Latin and French concept of
burial involved interment, if one uses their
vocabulary. It appears that the English word,
"bury," [<OE byrgan] may be the same cognate as
"barrow," [<OE beorg].
A Summary of the
Kurgan culture (burial in mounds) of the Russian
steppes, with notes on the Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
language, is at: http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/Kurgans.htm.
An Albanian view of the Albanian and Illyrian
heritage ( a melting pot as it were) is at: http://members.aol.com/Plaku/illyrian.htm.
(9) TIVS, In Script HT, we have a tile which seems
to dedicate a precinct to Hermes, 8ASTI, HERMeNE
TIVS A FETVS AL, saying, "the vastness of Hermene,
god-like, or god, to (Lat. a) the bringing forth or
hatching of young (Lat. fetus-us, m.)." See Indo-European Table 1.A.2,
note 6, for a further discussion on this.
(10) The Slavic term for god, Bog, and the Hindu
Bhaga, may show an early relationship between the
Slavs and the Sanskrit, founders of the Rig Veda.
(11)
Welsh llawr, hearth, may be related to the Latin
word, lar, and Etruscan word for gods of the earth:
lar, laris.
(12) Tannus, Jupiter, Zeus and Etruscan Tinia appear
to be the same Indo-European thunder-god, as Thor,
Odin, and Indra. Tannus went also by the name of
Tinnus, Taranis, Taranus. He was a god of the wheel
(a symbol of the sun), other symbols were the oak
and eagle, and in early Gaul human sacrifices were
offered to him. In the Rig Veda of the
Hindus the sun, Surya, was considered to be an eye
of Indra, the principal god of the Rig Veda.
His feast was at Yule-time (winter solstice, modern
Christmas). See Banquet of the
Gods.html for further information on the
relationships of these gods. The Hittite thunder-god
was Teshub. Another people, related to the Persians,
the Mitanni, seemed to have worshipped the same god,
Teshub or Teshup, at the head of their pantheon. See
Hittite
Treaties and Documents.html.
(13) Thanks to Constantiin Cucu for his
contributions on the Romanian language.