This table has Indo-European, Akkadian, Hurrian,
Georgian (Kartlevian), Latvian (Baltic) and Finnish
(Uralic) selections. We have colored words that may
be related among the various languages/families. The
coloring provides an unusual view of the mix and
concordance of the cited languages.
Table 1, Section 1A:
Indo-European words as they relate to
Etruscan. Note: colors indicate
possible relationship among words.
Sanskrit
Avestan, Persian, Georgian,
Hurrian, Akkadian
Slavic, Baltic, Romanian,
Finnish-Uralic
Greek, Armenian, Albanian, Basque
Latin
other
English
Etruscan
,
kas, api,
that, although, yad,
that, since, kas. ka, kat/kim, who, what? who what,
someone, anyone,
minu,
pron. interr., who?, mija,
who?,
ja’u,
which, aba, abu, what,
mūnu,
interr., what?, allű,
that, the other,agâ,
aga’a, agaja, aga’i,
annű,
that, this,ammiu,
m., ammīt, f., that, those, šāt,
pron. fem. s., she of, that
of,
which,
šât,
fem.pl. they of, those of, which
(Akkadian)
хто, chto, who, што,
što,
what, that, які, jaki, which
(Belarussian)
chto, pron. who;
cyj, pron.
whose sto, pn. what (Belarus) tko,
who, što, what, koji, which,
da, that,
(Croatian)
kto,
who, co,
what, który,
which,że,
that
(Polish) ka, what
(Baltic
Sudovian) kurš, who, kas, which, what, ka, that
(Latvian)
kas,
who, ką, what, which,
tai, that
(Lithuanian) care,
who, which, what, whichever, ce, what, acea, that (Romanian) kuka, who, että, that, mitä, what, joka, which
(Finnish-Uralic)
ο οποίος, o opios,who, οι
οποίες, oi opoíes,
which. τι,
ti,
what, ότι, óti,
that (Greek)
ով, ov,
who, որը, vory,
which, ինչ, inch’,
what, որ, vor,
that (Armenian) kush, who,
which Çfarë,
what, që, that, kujt, whom, quod, that,
which, (Albanian)
nor, who, nork, who?, bertan,
zein, which, zer, what, hori, that
(Basque)
qui, who,
which quae, any,
some, who, which, what, quod,
that, which, quid
est, what
a, who, which, cad,
what, sin,
that
(Irish) cň,
who, dč,
what, a tha, which, sin, that
(Scott) pwy,
sawl, a, who, what, beth, what, pa,
a, which, sydd,
which,
a, hwnnw (honno) that; hwn (hon),
this; (Welsh) chi, who, che
cosa,
what, quale,
which, che, who, what,
which, quello,
quella, that, cio,
that, (Italian)
qui, who, lequel,
laquelle,
which, quel, quelle, what, ce, cette,
that (French)
કોણ, Kōṇa, who, શું, Śuṁ, what, which,
કે, Kē,
that (Gujarati) kim,
who, ne,
what, whatsoever, hangisi,
which, whichever, o, ki,
that (Turkish)
ДДСҰ, DDSU, who, kim,
who, не, ne,
what, қайсысы, qaysısı,
which, қай, qay,
which, сол, sol,
pron. that, бұл, bol, that (Kazakh) JSSV, who,
kim,
who, nima,
what,
whichever, qaysi, which, bu,
that, u/o'sha,
that, he/she
(Uzbek)
кӣ, kī,
who, which,
that, чӣ, он, on, pron. he, that, чӣ,cī,
what (Tajik) эмне, emne, what, кайсы, kaysı,
which, ошол, oşol,
that
(Kyrgyz)
parirakṣaṇa, guarding,
protecting, a protector samvrta,
concealed, kept secret, cautious; yat, yatati, -te,
to join, connect, unite; take
pains, be cautious or careful; prayatnavant assiduous,
careful: prayatna,
zealously, diligently, carefully
fravashi [e],
guardian spirit, angel (Avestan) ehtiyât,
احتیاط
caution, mahtat, محتاط,
cautious, movâzeb,
مواظب
adj.,
alert, cautious,
sanjydh, سنجیده careful,
guarded, restrained, mature (Persian) იყოს
ერთ -ერთი მცველიფრთ,
iq’os
ert -erti mtsveli, to be on one's
guard, დაცული,
datsuli,
guarded, ხილი, prtkhili,
cautious (Georgian)
nāṣiru,
guard, adj., protecting, naṣāru,
to guard, keep somebody under guard, to
fulfill duties, to be on the alert, to heed,
etc., naṣriš,
guarded, under guard, maṣṣartu,
in šamaṣṣarti,
guardian, watchman (Akkadian)
ахоўны,
achoŭny, guarded, быць
на варце, być
na varcie, to be on one's guard,асцярожны, asciarožny,
cautious (Belarusian)asciarozznasc,
caution, care, prudence (Belarus) čuvan, guarded, biti
na oprezu, to be on one's
guard,oprezan,
cautious (Croatian) mieć
się na baczności, to be on one's
guard,ostrożny,
cautious (Polish) apsargāta, guarded, būt
sargājošam, to be on
one's guard,piesardzīgi,
cautious (Latvian) păzit, guarded,
a fi în gardă, to be on one's guard,precaut,
cautious
(Romanian) varovainen, guarded, olla varuillaan, to be on one's guard,varovainen,
cautious (Finnish-Uralic)
επιφυλακτικός,
epifylaktikós, guarded, να είσαι σε επιφυλακή,
na eísai se epifylakí,
to be on one's guard, προσεκτικός, prosektikós,
cautious(Greek) պահպանում
է, pahpanum e,
guarded, մեկի
վրա լինել, meki
vra linel, to be on one's guard,զգույշ, zguysh,
cautious Armenian) të
jesh në roje, to be on one's guard, maturi, caution,
i kujdesshëm,
cautious
(Albanian)
alaitzen, guarded, norberaren zaindar
egon,to be on one's guard,
zuhur, cautious (Basque)
caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum, to be on one's guard
cosanta,
guarded, aireach,
cautious (Irish) děon, guarded,
faiceallach,
cautious (Scott) gwarchodedig,
guarded, gochelgar,
cautious (Welsh) protetto,
guarded, cauta, cauto, cautious,
attenzione, caution! (Italian) gardé,
m., gardée,
f., guarded, mise en garde, be on
one's guard, faites attention, be careful,
prudente, prudent, cautious (French)
સાવચેત
રહેવું, Sāvacēta
rahēvuṁ, to be on one's guard, સાવધ, Sāvadha, cautious
(Gujarati) tetikte olmak, to be on
one's guard, temkinli,
cautious (Turkish)
сақ
болу, saqbolw,
to be on one's guard, сақsaq,
cautious
(Kazakh) ehtiyotbo'lish,
to be on one's guard, ehtiyotkor,
cautious
(Uzbek)
дар посбонӣ будан, dar posʙonī ʙudan, dar
posʙonī ʙudanto be on one's guard, эҳтиёткор, ehtijotkor,
cautious
(Tajik) сак болуу,
sakboluu, to
be on one's
guard, этият, etiyat,
cautious
(Kyrgyz)to be
on one's
guard, to be
on one's
guard,
өөрийн харуул дээр
байх, ööriin kharuul deer
baikh, to be on one's guard, болгоомжтой, bolgoomjtoi,
cautious
(Mongolian)
提防, Tífáng, to be
on one's guard, 謹
慎, Jǐnshčn,
cautious (Traditional Chinese)
zrẽtẽne/i-:
N zrẽtẽni,
Apl. zrẽtẽniz,
guard, protector (Mylian)
nahhant-,
cautious, anxious, nah-,
cautious,
to be cautious, to be afraid, to be
respectful, to fear, pahhas->, to
guard, protect, keep people safe,auri-,
awari-, auriyala-, border guard, haliyatalla-,
temple guard (Hittite)
to be on one's guard,
[<OFr. guarder],
cautious, [<Lat.
cavere, to take
care],
uzîra[uz-ir],
to rise up (Avestan) barm khydan, برمخیدنchallenge,
mutiny, rebel, revolt, shureshi,
شورشی
revolt (Persian)
აჯანყება, ajanqeba, to
revolt, აჯანყება, ajanqeba, revolt (Georgian)
nabalkattu,
to revolt, retreat, ramp, ladder,
burglary, crossing, etc., našű,
to rise up against someone, to arise,
to prosper, to take medication, wear a
crown, bear fruit, etc., tebű, to rise up in
revolt, to advance, attack, get
up, leave, depart, erect a building, etc., tēnānű,
revolutionary?,tibűtu,
revolt, resurrection,
departure, attack,
swarming,etc., zēr
ḫalgatȋ,
rebellious (as ana invective
referring to an ethnic
group, accursed
(Akkadian)
бунтаваць, buntavać, to
revolt, паўстанне, paŭstannie,
revolt (Belarusian)
na pobunu, to revolt, pobuna, revolt
(Croatian) buntowac
sie, to revolt, bunt,
revolt, rewolta,
revolt, mutiny
(Polish);
sacelties, to revolt, sacelšanās, revolt
(Latvian) să se revolte, to
revolt, revoltă,
revolt, cabra, prance, revolt,
oppose in the case of a horse (Romanian) kapinoida
to revolt, kapina,
revolt (Finnish-Uralic)
να εξεγείρουν, na
exegeíroun, to revolt, περιστροφή, peristrofí, revolt (Greek)
ապստամբություն, apstambut’yun, to
revolt, վերածնունդ, veratsnund, revolt (Armenian)
për të revoltuar,
to revolt, revoltë,
revolte (Albanian)
matxinatzeko, to
revolt, matxinada,
revolt (Basque)
deficio-ficere -feci-fectum, to do less
than one might, to fail; revolt, rebel, to fail, rebello-are, to rebel
tumultuari, revolt
chun éiríamach, to
revolt, (éirí, rise) réabhlóid, revolt
(Irish)
gus ar-a-mach, to revolt,
(Scott) ar-a-mach,
rebellion, i
wrthryfela, to revolt
(Welsh) rivoltare,
to revolt, rivolta,
revolt
(Italian)
se révolter, to
revolt, révolte,
revolt, cabrer, to buck, to
revolt, rebel, rise up (French)
kātka-,
rise, to arise, kātklune,
arising (Tocharian)
pahs, to
rise, arāi-, to
rise, to rebel, halt, arha
t.,to rebel, to
disappear, wakresr/wakresn,
rebellion, uakkariie/a,wakrie/a,
to revolt, rebel, against, waggariya-,
to rebel, to make rebel, to be indignant,marsant-, rebel,
spoiled, bad, marsessa-,
to
rebel, to become evil, to get
spoiled, awan,edi nāi-
, to rebel, edi,
to make rebel, (to
lead to the other side), to move,
remove, harnamma(r),
rebellion, turmoil, fermentation, yeast,
hrbnala/i,
rebel, turncoat, (Hittite)
to rear, to shy, to
buck, to revolt
[<Lat. revolvo-volvere-volvi-volutum, to
roll backwards, to go over again], rebel,
[<Lat. rebellare]
avaguh, to
cover, hide, conceal;
gunth, gunthayati, to veil, conceal,
hide, cover; chada,
pp. channa,
to cover, veil, hide, conceal, keep secret tāmasaḥ, dark,
obscure, andhaḥ,
blind
panhân kardan,پنهان کردن to
hide, cache, cloak, cover, obliterate,
shield, shroud,kur,
adj., کور blind, nâbinâ,
adj., نابینا blind, unable to
see, târik,
تاريك
blind, adj.
(Persian)
დამალვა, damalva, to hide,
დამალვა
ბრმა, brma, to
blind, ბნელი, bneli, to
darken (Georgian)
timeri,
timari,
dark, #hurri,
night (Hurrian)
nāṭilu, in la nāṭilu, uppuṭu,
adj., blind, ḫuppudu, blind or having an
eye defect, perhaps to blind, cause an
eye injury, napāu,
blind, to gouge out eyes, to kick up dust,
turn upside down, etc., mīšītu, adj.,
blindness,ṣalāmu,
to turn black, to become dark, to turn dark,
purple, to temper metal, da’ummu, du’ummu,
da’āmu,
to become dark, da’ummatu,
*du’umiš,
adv., darkly, darkness,
gloom, da’ummatu,
darkness,
gloom, eklu,
dark, ekēlu,
to be dark, erpu,
adj., dark, erēpu,
to become dark or , dusky, eṭű,
adj., dark, extinguished, eṭű,
to be dark, dim,
to
darken, to be darkened, to
become gloomyḫašű,
dark, cloudy, to darken, mušēkilu, dark (lit. he who makes
dark), na’duru,
darkened, eclipsed, ādiru,
darkening, adirtu,
idurtu, hidirtu,
edirtu,
darkness, misfortune,
calamity,
obscurement, adru,
adirtu, idirtu,
dark, sad,ikiltu,
ikletu, iklu,
darkness, kukkű,
darkness as a name of the
netherworld, tarkiš,adv.,
darkly, tarku,
turruku,
dark colored, tirku,
dark spot, stroke, hit,
blow, etc.,
turku,
dark spot, ḫašű,
dark, cloudy,
(Akkadian)
схаваць,
schavać, to
hide, сляпой,
sliapoj,
blind, цямнець, ciamnieć,
to darken, цёмны,ciomny,
dark
(Belarusian)
chavac,
kryc, to
hide, ciemra,
darkness, ciomny,
adj. dark, slapy, adj.
blind (Belarus)
sakriti, to hide, slijepima,
to blind, zatamniti, to darken (Croatian) ukryć, to
hide, ślepy,
blind, ciemność,
darken, ciemny,
dark(Polish) slēpties,
to hide, uz akli, to
blind, pasliktināt, to darken (Latvian) a se ascunde, to
hide, a
orbi, to
blind,întuneca,
darken (Romanian)
piiloutua, to hide, tehdä sokea, to make blind,
tumma,
dark, tummentaa,
to darken (Finnish-Uralic)
κρυβω, kryvo, to
hide, κάνει τυφλή, kánei tyflí, to make blind;
tyfli, blind,
(Greek)
թաքցնել, t’ak’ts’nel, to
hide, կույր, kuyr, to blind, մթնել,
mt’nel, to
darken (Armenian) fsheh, të fshehtë, to hide,
të
verbosh, to blind, errësoj,
darken
(Albanian)
Ezkutatu,
to hide, itsutu,
to blind, ilun,
dark, obscure,iluntasuna,
darkness
(Basque)
caeco-are, to make blind or dark, celo-are,
to hide,
obscuro-are-avi-atum, to darken,
ater, atra, atrum, dark, Erebus-i,
god of darkness, lower world, Erebeus-a-um,
adj.,
Orcus-i, Orcos,
the infernal region, god of the lower
world,
temero-are, to darken
a
cheilt, to hide, to blind, dall, dorcha,
dark, chun dorchadas,
to darken (Irish)
gus falach, to hide, gu
dall, to blind,
dorcha,
dark, gu dorchadas,
to darken (Scott) celu, to
hide, conceal, cloak, dissemble; cuddio,
to hide,
conceal, cloak, mask; dirgelu, to
secret, conceal, hide, dallu, to
blind, dazzle, daze (Welsh)
nascondere, to hide,
accecare, to blind, caeco,
obscuro,
darken (Italian)
cacher, to
hide, conceal, aveugler, to blind,
assombrir, darken (French)
સંતાડવું, Santāḍavuṁ, to hide,
અંધ કરવા, Andha
karavā, to blind, અંધારું કરવું, Andhāruṁ karavuṁ,
darken (Gujarati) gizlemek,
to hide, kör
etmek, to blind, karartmak,
darken (Turkish) жасыру, jasırw,
to hide, соқыр болу, soqır
bolw, to blind, күңгірттеу, küńgirttew.
darken (Kazakh) yashirmoq,
to hide, ko'r
qilmoq, to
blind, qoraymoq,
darken (Uzbek) пинҳон
кардан, pinhon
kardan, to hide, кӯр
кардан, kūr
kardan, to blind, торик кардан, torik
kardan, darken
(Tajik) жашыруу,
jaşıruu,
to hide, сокур кылуу, sokur
kıluu, to
blind, караңгылатуу, karaŋgılatuu,
darken
(Kyrgyz) нуух,
nuukh,
to hide, сохрох, sokhrokh,
to blind, харанхуйлах, kharankhuilakh,
darken
(Mongolian) 隱藏, Yǐncáng, to hide, 致盲, Zhě máng, to blind, 變暗, Biŕn ŕn, darken (Traditional
Chinese)
ksā-, blind,
(Tocharian)
ule-> hide, conceal, dasuuahh,
tasuah,
to make blind, tasuant,
blind, dasuwah-,
to make blind, dazzle,hanzanas,
dankuis,
#dankui,
nanakussiyant-,
dark, dnkui,
dnkuai,
dankuis,
dnkudr, darkness,black, to become black,
dankues,
to get dark, dnkues,
to become black, dankuuahh,
danku(ua)nu,
dankuianu,
dnkuneske/a,
dnku(a)nu,
dnkuinu,
dnkuah,
to make black,
hanzanas, dark, nana(n)kussiie/a, nana(n)gus(ie/a),
to become dark, gloomy,
obscure, #neku,
to get dark, marwai,
to blacken, tarkuwalāi-,
to give someone a dark look, (GE6-es-),
dark
(Hittite)
See also,
2-49, to hide,
cela, Script
AG-1;
CELeRIM,
Script,
Z582;
celi, Script
Z180, Z197, Z263, Z357,
Z412, Z421, Z1040, Z1337, Z1345;
celo
(CELV), Script
Z727, Z897, Z1203
celto
(CELTV) , Script
Q813– probably celtv or, L. celator, a
concealor, or Celtae
arum, the Celts
CELATI, AG-7
See also, 10-14,
tam, Script L35 tamera,
Script PN-2
Orcos,
Script CBI-3,
See also,
1-102, Arepe,
N292, N444, R278, Q18,
Arepes, Script
N31, N500, N561, N598, N632
x
x
x
x
x
x
see ca8e
above
2-5
CAF_, Script ZA-4
x
x
x
Chiana Valley, betwen Sienna and Perugia
x
Chaina, place name, Chiana Valley :
Caina, Caino? Captured by Numicius 468 B.C.
2-6
Chaina (↓aina), Script AB-1;
Caina, Script NC-3
x
x
cais,
apricot tree (Romanian)
x
Caius = Gaius,
abbrev. C, a Roman praenomen, f., Gaia; port of
Caieta
x
Gaius, name
2-7
Cais,
Script MA-2
ucchedaniya, adj.
to be cut off; anuccho, to
cut open, cut up nas-,
nāśayati, to destroy, mārayati, to
kill animals, tāḍayati,to beat, praharati, to strike,
abhitad, to
beat,hit, thump, wound
thweresaiti
[thwares],
to cut off, to destroy,
mereńcaite
[mareńc], to kill, to smite, to
destroy,
irish [-], to
kill, wound; to
destroy or kill by wounding, îzhâ [-],
sacrifice, milk offerings, wish, desire;
abundance, prosperity, comfort;
food, ýasna [-],
sacrifice, worship, prayer(Avestan)
koštâr, کشتار
slaughter,keštán,
کشتنto
annihilate, slaughter, kill, boridan, بریدن, to
cut, cidan,
چیدن,
to crop, cut down, pick, dispose, nip, qat'
kardán, قطع کردن,
to cut, cut off, axe, shear, etc., zadan,
زدن to cut, beat
(Persian)
სასაკლაო,
sasaklao,
to slaughter, მოკვლა,
mokvla, to
kill, შემცირება, shemts’ireba,
to cut down,ცემა,
ts’ema, to beat,
(Georgian)
#urb-,
to kill (Urartian) u(r)b-,
slaughter, ašh-, to
sacrifice, zašg-,
to kill, #ub-, to kill,
id-,
to beat, crush (Hurrian)
karašű,
to slaughter, palāqu, to
slaughter, to run through (with a
sword or other weapon),to bore, to
pierce, perforate, naksu,
slaughtered, ripped, felled, cut off, nakāsu, to
slaughter, to kill, cut off, to be slaughtered,
to sever, to rip a garment, to diminish in the
size of real estate, pulluqu,
adj., slaughtered, šagāšu, to
slaughter animals, to slay in battle, to murder,
strike down, etc., šaggaštu, slaughter, massacre, murder,šaggaštu,
in ša šaggašti,
man commiting violence, šaggāšu,
murderer, šaggāšű, murderous,*ḫadu,
in ḫadummaepēšu, to
kill,dâku,
to kill a person or animal, murder,
execute, break a tablet, etc., maqātu,
to kill animals in the hunt, defeat an
enemy to fall down, etc.,nēru,
to kill, to slay, hit, strike, etc., ṭerű, to beat,
strike,diku,
killed, slain, etc.,
qatālu,
to kill, slaughter, cause to
slaughter,
kilullű,
massacre,nakādu,
to beat, palpitate, to cause
concern, naṭű,
to beat, to be beaten, *naṭű, adj., beaten, niṭűtu, beating, niṭűtu, beating, hitting, taḫtiptu,
sacrificial slaughtering
(Akkadian)
.