Indo-European Table 1, Etruscan Vocabulary, Etruscan Phrases with Indo-European cognates

7/14/06 Etruscan Vocabulary, Etruscan Phrases– Etruscan etymological relationships to other Indo-European languages; Proto-Indo-European (PIE): Indo-European, Table 1, Section 1A Indo-European words as they relate to Etruscan – based on the Etruscan_Phrases vocabulary.
Copyright © 1981-2006 Mel Copeland. All rights reserved.

Etruscan_Phrases

 by Mel Copeland

(from a work published in 1981)

Table 1, Section 1A: Indo-European words as they relate to Etruscan. Notes: *Armenian W = West Armenian; E = East Armenian.

Sanskrit

Avestan & Armenian

Slavic & Baltic

Greek & Albanian

Latin

other

English

Etruscan

kas

ka, kahe, who
(Avestan)
ke, ce kasi, who;
ke, kodâm,
which;
ce,
kodâm, ânce,
what (Persian)

chto, pron. who;
cyj, pron. whose
sto, pron. what
(Belarus)
ka, what (Baltic
Sudovian)
kas (Lithuanian)

o opios, who; pou,
poios, which; ti,
puios, which;
poia,
poio
, what (Greek)
kush, who, qe, that (Albanian)

quae or qua

pwy, sawl, a, who;
pa, a, which; a, hwnnw
(honno [f]), that; hwn
(hon [f]), this; beth,
pa,
what (Welsh)
ci, who; ce, che,
quello, quella, cio, that
(Italian)
qui, who, c' that, they,
these, those, which
what (French)
kuse, Tocharian
kuis (Hittite)

who? which, what
(interrog.)
whoever,
whichever

ca, Script N74,
Q468, Q488, Au35;
BS-9

saMvRta, concealed,
kept secret, cautious;
yat, yatati, -te, to join,
connect, unite; take
pains, be cautious or
careful; prayatnavant,
assiduous, careful

âgâhi, ehtiyât,
caution [n];
âgâhânidan, to
be cautious
(Persian)

asciarozznasc [f],
caution, care,
prudence (Belarus)

prosochi,
profylaxi,
proeidopoio,
caution (Greek)
maturi, kujdes,
paralajmërim, njeri
argëtues [fj.fol.],
caution (Albanian)

caveo, cavere, cavi,
cautum

gochelgarwch [m]
wariness, caution
(Welsh)
cautela, caution [f]
(Italian)
caution [f]; avertir
(French)

to be on one's
guard

cave (ca8e),
Script N41, N553,
N624;
caver (ca8er), Script
N483;

rASTrabhedin [m],
rebel

x

bunt, buntowac
sie, powstanie,
rewolta, revolt
(Polish)

x

deficio-ficere -feci
fectum, to do less than
one might, to fail;
revolt, rebel, to fail

gwrthryfela, to revolt
(Welsh)
rivoltare, to revolt
(Italian)
révolter,
cabrer,
(French)

to rear, to shy, to
buck, to
revolt
[<Lat. revolvo
volvere -volvi
volutum
],
kick

kabro (ka8rv),
Script Q162;
cabro (ca8rv), Script
Q232

guNth, guNthayati, to
veil, conceal, hide,
cover;
chada, pp.
channa, to cover, veil,
hide, conceal, keep
secret

kur, nâbinâ,
târik, blind, adj.
xik, hide [n];
penhân kardan,
to hide (Persian)

chavac, kryc, to
hide; slapy, adj.
blind (Belarus)

tyflos, grilia,
tyflono, blind;
apo
krypto, conceal
(Greek)
fsheh, mbaj të
fshehtë, zhduk, fut,
to hide; verboj,
qorroj, to blind
(Albanian)

caeco-are

celu, to hide, conceal,
cloak, dissemble;
cuddio, to hide,
conceal, cloak, mask;
dirgelu, to secret,
conceal, hide; llechu, to
hide, shelter, lurk,
skulk; dallu, to blind,
dazzle, daze (Welsh)
nascondere, to hide
(Italian)
cacher, to hide, conceal
(French)

to make blind?
hide?

cace, Script M8

x

kodâm, har kas, any, adj., ce, adv.; barxi, andaki, yekcand, adj., andaki, pron., some (Persian)

chto, pron. who;
cyj, pron. whose
sto, pron. what
(Belarus)

o opoios, poios,
who; kapoios,
merikoi, peripou,
some (Greek)
dicka, adv., cilido,
ndonjë, kushdo,
pron. any; kush,
cili, who; i cili,
,
who, conj. , cili,
kush,
, which,;
ai;  ajo; 
ky;  atë; 
kjo; i cili;  e cila; 
;  kush, that,
pron. (Albanian)

quae

dim, peth, rhyw, un,
adj., unrhyw, adv. any;
peth, rhai, rhyw, adj.,
some; (Welsh)
alcuno, alcuni,
qualche, any;
chi, who;
che, that (Italian)
quelque, du, de, des, de
la, en, quiconque,
aucun, nul, personne,
any; quelque, certain,
du, de la, de l', des,
queques-uns, some;
qui, que, who, which
(French)

any [<OE aenig],
some [<OE sum];
relat. who, which,
what, that

cai, Script R80

x

x

x

x

fosse, canal, channel

It., canale, f. canal, channel;
Fr. canal, f. canal.

Chaina, person's
name?, canal?

Kaina, Script AB-1;
Caina, Script NC-3

ucchedanIya, adj. to be cut off

boridan, cidan,
zadan, to cut
(Persian)

scinac, sciac, cut
off, cut down
(Belarus)

niko, ypertero,
ktypo, beat; kobo,
tomi, cut; (Greek)
godas, rrah, godit,
fishkullon (era),
farkëtoj, perziej
(brumë), lodh,
mundoj, to beat;
kadencë [muz.]
(Albanian)

caedo, cadere, cecidi,
caetim

lladd, to kill, slay,
slaughter, cut; toli, to
reduce, cut, deduct;
torri, to break, cut,
facture, hack, hew,
crop, dig, write;
coedio,
to timber, beat, club,
escape, run away
(Welsh)
cadenza [f], cadence,
rhythm (Italian)
cadence [f], cadence
(French)

to cut, to beat, kill

caitim, Script Z674

zabda [m], sound, cry,
noise, call, word,
speech, sacered
syllable Om, name,
title;
zabdaM kR rasie
the voice, call aloud;
AzAvaNa [n], call

bâng zadan,
xândan, telefon
kardan;
farâxândan, to
summon
(Persian)

klikac, kliknuc, to
call; nazyvac,
nazvac, call, name
(Belarus)
preivaket
(Baltic-Sudovian)

tilafono, zitisi
(Greek)
bërtas, ftoj, thërras,
cartoj, them,
konsideroj
britmë, kërkesë,
thirrje, bisedë,
telefonike, to call;
bej thirrje, thërras,
thërres, to summon
(Albanian)

calo-are

galw, to call, name, dub, convene, hail (Welsh)
chiamare, gridare,
convocare, richiamare
(Italian)
appeler,
convoquer
(French)
harti, (hittite)

to call [<ON
kalla], summon

CAL, Script Z1408;
CaLA, Script Z463,
Z540, Z1408;

CaLa
, Script K46,
AH-7;
KALA, Script L38,
N149, Q737, R542;

KaLaS
, Script N533;
KaLE, Script R114;
KaLV, Script Q369,
Q388, R56, R108,
R121, R133, R150,
G-1

binduka [m], drop;
cyut, cyotati, to drop,
sprinkle'
gal, galati, pp.
galita, drip, drop, fall,
vanish, pass away,
gAlayati, cause to
drop, liquify, melt

ceke, âviz, [n], cekidan, to drop (Persian)

puskac, to drop;
upadak [m], fall,
drop, collapse
(Belarus)

stagona, afino na
pesi, ptosi, drop
(Greek)
pakësohem, ulem,
zvogëloj, to
decrease; ul, zbres,
pakësoj, poshtëroj,
vrenjtet, lower
(Albanian)

deicere, to drop

disgyn, to descend,
alight, dismount, light,
fall, drop, devolve, let
down;
gollwng, to
drop, loose, let go,
absolve, discharge,
dismiss, leak (Welsh)
calare (Italian)
tomber (French)

to lower, strike,
descend upon,
decline, set,
drop, decrease

KALI, Script Q360

x

x

x

x

callosus, hard skinned, solid

callosita, callous (Italian)
calleux, callous, hard
(French)

name? callous,
hard skinned?

calos (calvs),
Script M-1

nikuJja [m], thicket,
bower, vault; nAka
[m], celestial vault,
heaven, sky;
nabhastala [tala, place,
like the palm of the
hand] celestial vault;
apavAraka, bed
chamber; bhUmigRha,
an underground
chamber; vezman, n.
dwelling, house,
chamber.

sardâbe, gonbad,
sandog, vault
[n]' otâq, xâbgâh,
kade, chamber
[n], (Persian)

grobowiec,
piwnica,
sklepienie, vault;
izba,
komora,
pokoj,
sala,
chamber (Polish)

aithousa, thalamos,
chamber (Greek)
kube, kupolë, kupë
qiellore, qemer,
kërcim, zgavër
[anat.]
dhomë
[polit.], dhomëz
[anat.], chamber
(Albanian)

camera-ae [f]

beddgell (oedd [f]],
vault, catacomb,
cell
(oedd-au [f]),
siambr
[f], ystafell (oedd [f]),
chamber (Welsh)
camera [f] room,
chamber
(Italian)
camériste [f], chamber
maid (French)

vaulted chamber
[<LLat.
camera
ae
], vault?

CaMaReM,
Script M-74

zvas, zvasiti, zvasati,
te, blow, bluster, hiss,
whistle, snort, breathe,

sigh; lap, lapAta (-te),
chatter, prate, talk,
lament, wail;
kaj,
kUjati, -te
, make
inarticulate sounds,
cry, sing, moan, groan

nâle, groaning,
sigh; nâlidan, to
sigh, groan
(Persian)

jencec, moan
(Belarus)

thrino, bogko,
bogkito,
stenagmos, moan
(Greek)
kërcitje, rënkim,
ofshamë, groan;
rënkoj, ofshaj, to
groan; pëshpërit, to
sigh (Albanian)

gemmatus-a-um,
adorned with jewels;
gemitus-us [m], a sigh,
groan, groaning

griddfan, ochain,
tuchan, to groan;
gemog, adj. jeweled
(Welsh)
gemere, to groan;
gemma [f], gem, jewel
(Italian)
gémir, to groan; bijou [m], jewel (French)

bejeweled, jeweled
[<OFr. jöel]?
a sigh,
groan [<OE
granian]?

kamito (kamitv),
Script Q543

pragIta, singing;
arcayati, -te}, pp.
{arcita}
(q.v.) cause to
shine; honour, salute;
stu, stauti, stute,
stavate, sing, chant;
gA, gAyati (-te) &
gAti, praise, proclaim,
call with a song, sing
or call to

sarâyidan,
xândan, âvâz
xândan, to sing
(Persian)

picsnia [f], song
(Belarus)
grimat (Baltic
Sudovian)

tragoudo, psallo
(Greek)

këndoj
, to sing
(Albanian)

cano, canere,
cecin, cantum

canu, to sing, chant,
play, crow, ring
(Welsh)
can, va. cantainn, say,
sing, speak,
cànain, [m], a language
cantainn, singing,
speaking; (Scott)
kanañ, to sing (Breton)
canto [m] (1) song,
singing (2) corner;
cantare, to sing;
cantante [m] singer
(Italian)
chanter, to sing
(French)
sir (Hittite)

to sing, play, to
prophesy

kane, Script Q46;
kane (KaNE), Script
Q65, Q74, Q84,
Q95, Q416, Q717,
Q775, Q795, Q829,
R405
kaneto (KaNETV)
Script Q887
kanev (KaNE8)
,
Script Q821
kantor, KaNTVR,
Script Q311
KaNI, Script Q442,
Q452, Q460, Q805,
R596, R607
KaNIS, Script Q847,
R574, R584

see arco

shvaana

spâ , span [-],
sûnahe
(Avestan)
sag (Persian)

pas (Serbo
Croatian)
sabaka [m.]
(Belarus)
sunis (Baltic
Sudovian)

skylos (Greek)
mashkull,
qen
(Albanian)

canis-is

ci [m] (Welsh)
[m] (Scott)
ki (Breton)
cane [m] (Italian)
chien [m] (French)
can-(Illyrian)
kan (Lydian)
ku (Tocharian)
suwana, (Hittite)

dog

KANE, KaNE,
KaNES, KaNI,
KaNIS
, as listed
above

x

x

x

x

x

x

Chaneri, gens?

Kaneri, Script BS-11

x

x

x

x

Cannae-arum [f.pl]

x

place name, Cannae?

Canin, Script Z19, Z29, Z1177

palita [f], grey, hoary;
vidhUmra, adj. quite
grey; see vid, vetti, to
know

xâkestari, tusi,
sefid, adj.; sefid,
[n], grey kohan,
sâlxorde,
pir, old,
adj. (Persian)

sivy, sery, adj.
grey (Belarus)

vjec, aged; bëhem
gri, përhihet, to
become grey
(Albanian)

canus-a-um, whitish
grey, aged

llwyd (loyd), brown,
grey, pale, hoary
(Welsh)
vedi, grey (Italian)
gris, grey; vieux, viell,
vielle
, aged, old
(French)

name? aged,
whitish
grey

canua (canfa),
Script Z1319

kulapati [m], head of a
famly; zIrSan, head;
nirvyUDhi [f], issue,
end, top, summit;
cUlaka, tuft, crest,
adj.,
cUlikA, comb of a
cock, crest, summit

kolâh, cap; sar,
nok, ruy, top;
nok, bâlest,
târak, summit
(Persian)

sapka [f], cap;
kapitan [m],
captain, stalica [f],
capital (Belarus)

skoufos, kalypto,
ypertero, cap;
koryfi, skepasma,
anotatos, skepazo,
top (Greek)
kasketë, kësulë,
helmetë, kapak,
skufje,
kupë,
shkronja
kapitale,
cap (Albanian)

caput-itis, the head;
also the top, summit,
extremity, source;
capitaneus, command

cap-iau [m], cap; cochl-au [m.f.], mantell-oedd
[f], pall-on [m], mantle
(Welsh)
cappa [f] (Italian)
capuchon, capuce [m]
(French)

vault, mantle,
frock, cowl, cap
[<LLat.
cappa]?

cap, Script N149
cape, Script K74

x

x

x

x

caput-itis, the head;
also the top, summit,
extremity, source

x

name? Capari

capari, Script ZB-4,
Z842, Z1770

aja (m), ajaa [f]; basta
[m] a goat.

anumayanãm
[anumaya]
(Avestan)
boz, goat
(Persian)

jarac (Serbo
Croatian)
kaza [f] she-goat,
kaziol [m] he-goat
(Belarus)
azukas, he-goat;
aze, she-goat
(Baltic-Sudovian)

tragos, gida, goat
(Greek)
dhi, dash, kurbani
(Albanian)

caper-ri

bwch gafr (Welsh)
boc,
gabhar [f.] (Scott)
capra [f], capro,
caprone
, [m] (Italian)
chévre [f] she-goat
(French)

he-goat [<OE gat]

caper, Script Z532,
Z674
capere, Q297
caperi, Script ZB-4,
Z842, Z1770;
See Note 1)

cit, cetati, -te,
perceive, observe,
attend to, take care of,
conceive, understand,
know; budh, bodhati,
wake, awake, perceive,
understand, regard or
know;
vid, vetti,
understand, learn,
perceive, experience,
feel; think or be
mindful of, believe,
suppose, know

hozvârdan,
daryâftan,
âsnudan, to
understand
(Persian)

razumiec,
zrasumiec, to
understand;
razbiracca,
razabracca,
understand, be
well informed
(Belarus)

katalabaino,
katanoo,
understand (Greek)
kuptoj, marr vesh,
mendoj, kujtoj,
besoj, më duket se,
nënkuptoj, to
understand
(Albanian)

capire

deall, to understand (Welsh)
capire (Italian)
entendre, comprendre
(French)

to understand

kapire, Script N689,
N725, R286, R554,
R633
kapirus (kapirvs), Script Q683

x

x

x

x

Capua-ae

x

Capua, chief town
of Campania?

Capui (Capvi), Script Au67

puraetR [m], who goes
before, leader;
senAvAha [m],
camUnAtha, camUpa,
pati, leader of an army;
sArthapati [m], chief
or leader of a caravan;
grAmika [m], chief of a
village; nipa [m], chief,
master

pisvâ, rahbar,
farmândeh,
leader; gondâvar,
commander;
sar,
head (Persian)

pravadyr [m],
leader; halava [m],
head; zahadcyk
[m], commander
(Belarus)

archigos, leader;
pigi, source; kefali,
archigos, head
(Greek)
drejtues, kryetar,
dirigjent,
udhëheqës,
udhëzues,
kryeartikull, kalë
pruës, rol kryesor,
qen pruës, leader;
kokë, krye,
kryeifaqes,
njerëzish,
kryetar,
komandant, pruës,
head (Albanian)

caput-itis

pen-nau [m], head,
chief, top, apex, end,
extremity; blaenor-iaid
[m], leader, elder,
deacon (Welsh)
capo [m], head, top,
end, cape, chief, boss
(Italian)
capote [m] hooded
greatcoat;
capot, cloak bonnet,
cover (French)

the head, leader,
source,
director,
commander,

caputis (capvtis),
Script
Q117;
caputo (capvtv),
Script
Q84, Q162

cintA [f], thought,
consideration,
reflection, care or
sorrow about;
anyacintA [f], thought
or care of some one
else;
cAru, pleasant,
lovely, beautiful, dear

negahdâri,
parastâri, parvâ,
care [n]
(Persian)

apieka, achova [f],
care, protection;
klapacicca, ab
kaho, to care for;
sanowny, adj.
dear;
adsutny, adj.
absent (Belarus)

agapitos, akribos,
agapimenos, dear;
frontida, frontizo,
care; apon (Greek)
kujdesem, kam
kujdes, dua, pyes,
interesohem,
dëshiroj, to care;
kujdes, gajle, care
[n]; që mungon, i
hutuar, absent
(Albanian)

curo-are, to care for,
cure, rest;
carus-a-um, high
priced, dear, costly;
transf. dear, beloved;
careo-ere-ui, to be
without, be absent
from

arail, to guard, care for,
foster, cultivate
cur-iau [m], throb,
ache, pain, beat, care,
trouble;
absennu, to
absent oneself (Welsh)
caro, assenza [f],
absence (Italian)
cher; absence[f],
absence
(French)

to care for;
to be
absent [<Lat.
abense (abesse) to
be away] from, dear,
cherished

car, Script Z582;
caro, caru (carv), Script K13
care, Script PL-21

cAru, pleasant, lovely,
beautiful, dear

parvardan,
gerâmi dâstan, to
cherish (Persian)

apieka, achova [f],
care, protection;
klapacicca,
ab
kaho
, to care for;
sanowny, adj.
dear
(Belarus)

frontida, frontizo,
care; agapitos,
akribos,
agapimenos, dear
(Greek)
xhan, dua, to care
for; i dashurr, adj.,
dear; dua fort,
ushqej, mbaj gjallë,
to cherish
(Albanian)

curo-are, to care for
carus-a-um, adj. high
priced, dear
Transf. dear, beloved;
caritas-atis, [f.]
dearness

annwyl, adj., dear,
beloved, darling;
cariadus, adj., loving,
beloved, dear;
cu, adj.
dear, fond, kind,
beloved, favorite
drud-ion, dear,
precious, costly,
reckless; prid, adj.
dear, costly precious;
prid [m], price, value
(Welsh)
caraid [m.] friend,
relation;
carantas [m]
kindness, friendliness
(Scott)
caro, amabile, adj.
(Italian)
chéri [m], adj. dearest,
darling; chérir, to cherish, love
dearly (French)

to care for, dear,
high-priced,
beloved; to cherish

kare, Script Q406;
karen, Script R219
karo (karv), Script
N294;

kareto (karetv),
Script N341

shariira,
shariiaraM
shava
(cadaver)

asti astasca [asti,
asta]
kehrp [-], flesh, body;
tanu [-] [f]
(Avestan)
tan, badan,
body; gust,
maqze mive,
flesh; gust, nasâ,
lâs, lâse, corpse
(Persian)

telo, tijelo,
trup
meso (flesh
(Serbo-Croatian)
miasa (Belarus)
karveina,
beef;
karmenis
body, corpse;
navis,
mensa,
flesh, meat
(Baltic-Sudovian)

sarka, flesh;
kormos, body
(Greek)
karkasë, masë, body; mish,
trup,
mërshë, flesh
(Albanian)

caro, carnis
(flesh)

corff [m], body,
principal; celain, dead
body, corpse;
corpws
[m], body (Welsh)
feòil, boghain [f],
cairbh [f]
carcase, dead body,
corpse (Scott)
carne [f] flesh
(Italian)
chair [f] flesh
(French)
mísa, meat,
flesh; kektseñe
(Tocharian)

the body

carna, Script Z1216;
carnal, Script Z1243; carnis, Script Z1177;
karne
, Script R219, R238;
karnos, karnus
(karnvs)
, Script
Q701, R511;

mers, Script N194,
merso (mersv),
Script Q326, Q468

mersos (mersv)

Script Q294
masan, Script Au85
MASaN
Script Z1164
maso (masv)
Script K74, K92

kharayAna [n], a
donkey-cart;
zakaTikA, [f] a small
cart; anas [n], cart,
heavy wagon; rathin,
charioteer
bârkas,
cahârcarxe,
wagon;
gâri, cart
(Persian)
fura, furgon,
wagon, wagon
(Polish)
fortigo amaxi,
bagoni, wagon
(Greek)
karro, qerre,
kamion,
kamioncinë,
vagon,
mallrash,
veturë,
tryezë me rrota,
wagon;
coci,
chariot (Albanian)

carrus-i; wagon;
currus-us [m] chariot,
racing car

ben-ni [f], wain,
wagon, cart;
gwagen-ni
[f], wagon; men-ni [f],
wain, wagon, cart;
cerbyd-au [m], chariot,
coach, car;
cert-i [f],
cart; troli [f], cart,
float; trolian, to roll
(Welsh)
carro [m], cart, truck
(Italian)
char [m], chariot,
wagon; other words:
camion [m], voiture
[f], coche [f], coach
(French)
ansu.
kur.ra-chariot* (Hittite)
four-wheeled
baggage
wagon [<MDU. wagen]; coach [<Hung. kocsi], cart
carra, Script Z1641
x x x Charon (Greek) Charon-ontis x Charun, the
ferryman at the
river Styx
Charun (karvn), tomb
inscription of
Charon - 2 scenes
madhunADI [f], honey
cell; maTHikA [f],
hut, cottage, cell;
kArA [f], prison
zire zamin,
sardâb, cellar;
hoire, zendân,
sellul, cell
(Persian)
sklep [m], cellar
(Belarus)
keli, kyttaro,
stoicheio, cell
(Greek)
hojëz, qeli burgu,
celulë [polit.], qeli,
cell (Albanian)
carcer-eris [m]; cella-ae, room, store-room, chamber cafell-af [f], cell,
sanctuary, oracle;
cell
-oedd-au
[f], cell,
chamber, closet (Welsh)
cellula [f], cell; cella [f], cell, cellar (Italian)
cellule [f], cell (French)
prison cell; [<Lat. cella-ae, room, store-room, chamber] plural
carceres, the
starting point of a
race course
carsi, Script Z1319

adhivaasa, vástu,
dwelling; zAlA, hut,
house [f]; maTHikA
[f], hut, cottage, cell;
dama [m, n], house,
home; yUka [m.f.],
house; Alaya [m, n],
dwelling, house; geha
[n], house, mansion

W-dun; E-dan (Armenian)
maêthananãmca
[maêthana],
station, dwelling,
abode;
nmâna [-],
house home,
mansion;
dâman,
creation, dwelling place; demânê [demâna],
house (Avestan)
xâne, sarây, kad,
house; xâneye
bozorg, sarâye
bâsokuh, mansion
(Persian)

ku'ca, stan,
dwelling;
koliba,
hut;
dom, house
(Serbo-Croatian)
chatka [f] dom [m]
house (Belarus)
grintan, house,
building;
namai,
dwelling (Baltic
Sudovian)

kalyba (Greek)
casolle, kolibe, bun,
barakë, hut; famije,
shtëpi, banorëj,
lokaj,
dhomë,
house (Albanian)

casa-ae; domiciliu-i,
place of residence,
dwelling

annedd [m.f.] dwelling,
abode, house; bwth
[m], hut, booth,
cottage;
caban-au [m],
cabin, booth, hut, crib,
kiosk (Welsh)
fàrdach, home
dwelling; àros, house,
mansion;
teach [m];
tigh [m], house;
tuineach [m] (Scott)
ti, house (Breton)
casa [f] house, building
(Italian)
case [f] hut, small
house;
cabane [f], hut, shed, cabin (French)
was.t-, ost (Tocharian)
bira, house (Lydian)
par , parn (Hittite)
parna (Luwian)
prñna, house, prñnawa
(Lycian)

hut [<Fr. hutte, of Gmc. orig.], house [<OE hüs],
domicile [<L.
domicilium-i
];
barracks
[<Catalan, barraca]

casa, Script Q433,
Q475;
CaSA, Script M-1,
M45

CaSa
, Script Z133,
Z224, Z421, Z990,
Z1835, J33, AN37

diz, dideSTi, dizati, -te
{dedizyate}, produce
a witness, grant,
bestow, show, prove
yourself; nimittatva
[n], the being a cause,
causality; AdimUla
[n], the first cause;
kisalay, -yati, to
cause to sprout or germinate

lâbe kardan,
darxâst kardan, to
plead; vânemud
kardan, bahaâne
kardan, to pretend
angize, sabab,
bahân, cause [n]
(Persian)

prycyna [f], cause,
reason; razvazlivy,
adj. reasonable;
rozum [m], reason,
intellect, mind
(Belarus)

apologoumai,
dikaiologoumai,
synigoro, plead;
prospoioumai,
prosfasizomai,
ischyrizomai,
pretend (Greek)
mbroj [drejt],
lutem, lyp; plead;
shtirem, hiqem,
pretendoj, provoj,
pretend, arësye,
shkak, arsye,
kauzë, padi [drejt.],
cause[n] (Albanian)

causor-ari

dadlau, to argue,
debate, dispute, plead,
advocate;
achosi, to
cause;
achos-ion [m],
cause, affair, behalf;
pledio, to plead, argue (Welsh)
pretendere, asserire,
pretend; addurre,
difendere, perorare,
plead,
causa [f], cause
(Italian)
plaider, alléguer, plead
pétendre, prétexter,
pretend,
cause [f],
cause (French)

to give as a reason,
pretend [<Lat.
praetendo -tendere
-tendi -tentum
],
plead [<OFr.
plaider]

case, Script R22,
R114,
casi, Script M13

nAth, nAthate, to seek
aid, beg, ask' praznay,
yati, to inquire after;
prach,
pRcchati (-te),
to ask, question,
inquire

jostoju kardan,
juyidan, jostan, to
seek; bâzjuyi
kardan, rasidegi
kardan,
puyidan,
to inquire
(Persian)

sukac, to look for,
seek; daviedvacca,
v. imp.;
daviedacca, v.
perf., inquire
pytacca, v. imp.,
zapytacca, v. perf.
to ask;
raicca,
consult, ask
(Belarus)

zito, anazito, seek;
zito, eroto,
parakalo, ask
(Greek)
lus,
pyes, kërkoj,
lyp, ftoj, thërras,
thërres, to ask;
kërroj, dua,
përpiqem, to seek;
kërkoj, pyes, hetoj,
inquire (Albanian)

quaeso-ere

ceisio, to ask, seek,
try, fetch, procure;
erchi (arch-, eirch), to
ask, pray, command,
demand, bid, enjoin;
gofyn, to ask, request,
inquire, demand,
require; holi, to
examine, inquire, ask,
question, interogate, query (Welsh)
domandare, interrogare,
indagare, inquire;
chiedere, domandare,
invitare, to ask, inquire
after;
chercare, to seek
(Italian)
cherche, to seek;
demander, inviter,
soliciter, poser, to ask;
s'enquérir, demander,
to inquire (French)
mald, arija, to ask (Hittite)

to seek [<OE
secan] for, ask
[<OE ascian]
for,
inquire

kase, Script N74;
see
raca, racar,
translated as "to
speak"

pradeza [m], direction,
destination; place,
spot, region; appealing
to a precedent;
instance, example.

lahze, dam,
instance; sandoq,
puses, amr, case
[n] (Persian)

vypadak [m],
incident, case,
crash (Belarus)

ypodeixi,
paradeigma,
instance (Greek)
ngjarje, ndodhi,
rast, përfundim,
event; cështje, rast,
antë, kuti, rrethanë,
arkë,
situatë,
realitet, karkasë,
kasë, rasë [gram],
case [n] (Albanian)

casus-us [m]

enghraifft [f], example,
instance, exemplar
(Welsh)
caso [m] case, chance,
event, instance
(Italian)
cas [m], case, instance
(French)

a falling, what
befalls, an event,
case, situation,
[<Lat.
situare]
reality [<LLat.
realis]

casus (casvs), Script
Q821

durgam.h; pur, nom.
{pU3r}[f], stronghold,
castle, fortified town;
the body

dez, sangar, bâru,
fort;
dez, kâx, rox,
castle (Persian)

grad, turdjava
kula, zamak, castle
(Serbo-Croatian)
zamek, castle
(Polish)
pilis, castle,
hillfort (Baltic
Sudovian)

pyrgos, frourio
(Greek)
kala, fortesë
(Albanian)

castelum, castrum;
fortis-e, physically
strong, powerful,
robust; morally brave,
courageous;
pilus-i [m] a division
of the triari in the
Roman army

caer -au, ceyrdd [f],
wall, rampart, castle,
fort, fortress, fastness,
city;
castell [m], castle,
fort, fortress (Welsh)
caisteal [m], pl.
caistealan
; daingneach;
dùn, heap, mound,
mount, fortress;
gearasdan [m],
garrison, fort (Scott)
kêr, town, bourk, small
market town (Breton)
castello [m] castle;
forte [m] fort (Italian)
château [m] castle; fort
[m] fortress (French)
faTa, defense, (Lydian)
KerTTi, a city,
(Lycian)

fort [<L. fortis,
strong
]

kastro (kastrv),
Script R13, R94,
R128, R142, R156,
Z446, Z489, Z1088,
Z1393

tigita, adj. sharp,
pointed; caGga
adj., acquainted with,
clever at;
checka, adj.
clever, shrewd; dakSas,
adj. able, strong,
clever.

tiz, tond, arvand,
sharp, adj.; tond,
adv. (Persian)

vostry, adj. sharp
(Belarus)

kofteros,
panourgos,
apateonas,
akribis,
sharp (Greek)
i mprehtë, i
fortë, i
acartë, finok, thikë,
therës, adj., sharp
(Albanian)

Cato-onis, cognomen;
Cato; catus-a-um,
sharp, cunning; adv.
cate

awchlym, adj. sharp,
keen, acute, poignant;
awchus, adj. sharp,
keen, ardent, eager,
greedy; blaenllym, adj.
sharp, keen;
egr, adj.
sharp, sour, severe,
savage,
cheeky (Welsh)
parte aguzza,
truffatore; acuto,
aguzzo, affilato,
tagliente, pungente,
marcato, penetrante,
perspicace, aspro,
furbo,
acre, squillante,
sharp (Italian)
aigu, adj. sharp; acéré,
violent [struggle];
âcre
[taste]; rusé, astucieux,
ingénieux, adj. cunning
(French)

name of a gens,
Cato; sharp,
cunning,
cheeky
[<OE cece]

cate, Script Z1586,
N216
cates, Script AN-20
AN-37;
cato (catv), Script
N41, N160, N280,
N417, N483, N553,
N624;
catos (catvs), Script
N206, N254 |
Kate, Script R238,
R653
kati, Script N311,|
N378

kato (katv), Script
Q334, Q512, R437,
R521, R565, R584;
KaTO (KaTV),
R487

x

x

x

x

catulus-i and catella-ae
[m], a young animal,
esp. a whelp, a puppy;
catillus-i [m], a small
dish or plate

x

family name,
Catele?

KATeLE, Script R339,
KATeLES, Script
R413, R474
KATeLO
(KATeLV)
, Script
R370, R394, R499

bandh, badhnAti,
badhnIte
, to bind, tie,
attach, fix, fetter,
sacrifice; kanakasUtra
[n], a gold cord or
chain;
zRGkhalay,
-yati,
to chain or
fetter

zanjir, band, reste,
chain [n] (Persian)

lancuh [m], chain,
spalucac, zlucac,
to link (Belarus)

alysida, alysodeno,
chain; krikos,
desmos, syndesi,
syndetikos krikos,
syndeo, enono, link
(Greek)
masë gjatësie,
zinxhir, vargonj,
varg, rrjet
(dyqanesh), chain;
zinxhir, fetters
(Albanian)

catena-ae [f]

cadwyn -i, -au [f],
chain;
cadwyno, to
chain; tid-au [f], chain;
tres -i [f] trace, chain,
tress (Welsh)
catena [f] (Italian)
chaine [f] (French)

chain [<Lat.
catena], link,
fetters,
a series;
binding ([<OE bindan, to bind]

CATeNE, Script
Z1386
CATeNIS, Script
Z1326

janasaMmarda [m],
throng of people,
crowd; saMgha [m],
band, company,
crowd; janArNava
[m], crowd (lit. sea) of
men, caravan.

soluqui [n], fesâr
dâdan, to crowd
(Persian)

natawp, natowp
[m], crowd
(Belarus)

plithos,
synostismos,
synostizo, crowd
(Greek)
grumbull njerëzish,
turmë,
grup,
grumbull, kapicë,
shoqëri,
popull
(Albanian)

caterva-ae [f];
cautor-oris [m]
, one
who is on his guard

crwth [m], crowd,
fiddle, purring, hump;
torf -eydd, -oedd [f],
crowd, multitude,
brigade, gang, horde,
mob, posse, crush,
concourse; twr, tyrrau
[m], heap, crowd,
group; tyrfa-oedd [f]],
crowd, multitude,
host, mob, concourse;
tyrru, to heap, amass,
cluster, crowd together
(Welsh)
caterva [f], crowd
(Italian)
foule [f], crowd
(French)

catra – four?
a
crowd [<OE
crüdan, to
hasten],
group
[< Ital. gruppo; of
Gmc. orig.]

catra, Script Q488
katres, Script Q107
katro (katrv), Script
Q84, Q253, Q273;
katrom (katrvm),
Script N112, Q1

pratyAdeza [m]
direction, order,
command; repudiation,
putting to shame or
confusion, warning,
caution; gupti [f],
keeping, protection,
guard, caution

âgâhi, ehtiyât [n],
âgâhânidan, to take
caution (Persian)

asciaroznasc [f],
caution, care,
prudence [f]
(Belarus)

prosochi,
profylaxi,
proeidopoio,
caution (Greek)
maturi,
kujdes,
paralajmërim, njeri
argëtues; porosit,
porosis,
paralajmëroj, to be
cautious (Albanian)

cautes-is, a rough,
sharp rock;
caveo,
cavere, cavi, cautum
, to
be on one's guard;
cautus-a-um, partic
.

rhagocheliad-au,
rhagofal-on [m],
precaution,(Welsh)
cautelare, to take
precaution [f], caution,
(Italian)
caution [f], surety,
guarantee, deposit
(French)

a rough, sharp
rock;
caution, care;
to be on one'es
guard

cautas (cavthas),
Script M38

x

mârâ, be mâ, us
(Persian)

nam, nas, stany
zjednoczone, us
(Polish)

mas, us (Greek)
ne, na, neve, us
(Albanian)

nos

ce, pronoun, to us
(Italian)
nous, pronoun, us
(French)

to us

ce, Script Z111,
Z219, Z289, Z421,
Z737, Z674, Z709,
Z937, Z1088,
Z1097, Z1591,
Z1835, TC179,
K119, AF-1, AD-1,
N311, Q217, Q784,
R639, Au43, BS-9,
BS11;
Ce, MS14

ced, conj. = {ca +
i3d}) and; also, even
(w. prec. {api});
when, if (often prec.
by {iti} = if thus, in
this case). {atha ced}
but if {na ced
(cenna}) or {no ced} if
not, else. Rarely {yadi
ced = ced} alone.

cegune, cerâ,
whereby (Persian)

dzie, pron. where
at; kudy, pron.
where to, skul,
pron. where from
heta, pron. it, that;
hety, pron., = toj,
this, that; hodzi,
hodzie, adv., that
will do!; pakul,
conj. as long as,
while, when
(Belarus)

episis, also; ti,
poios,
poia, poio,
what; pou, opou,
where; dia tou
opoiou, me to
opoio, whereby
(Greek)
me anën e të cilit,
përmes së cilës,
adv. whereby;
gjithashtu, edhe,
adv. also;
, that
(Albanian)

qua, abl. [f] of qui, as
adv.

hefyd, adv. also, too,
moreover; conj.,
likewise;
cyn, adv. as;
pwy, sawl, a, who;
pa, a, which; a, hwnnw
(honno [f]), that; hwn
(hon [f]), this; beth,
pa, what (Welsh)
anchi, inoltre, also;
qua, adv. here; chi,
who (Italian)
aussi, de plus,
également, also; que,
that, as, then, only,
but, rel. pron. whom,
that, which, what,
que;
(French)

by which way,
where, also
whereby, or as far
as

cea, Script N149,
N254

bharman [n] support,
nourishment; tarpaNa
[f], satiating,
refreshing, comforting;
pitu [n], drink;
nourishment, food.

xorâk, food; xorâk,
parvares, parvâr,
nourishment
(Persian)

jeza f], food
(Belarus)

trofi, food (Greek)
hajë, ushqim, të
ngrëna, food;
ushqim, ushqyerje,
nourishment
(Albanian)

cibus-i [m]; pascare, to
feed

bwyd -dd [m], food;
lluniaeth [m], food,
nourishment, diet,
repast; porthiant
(porthiannau) [m],
food, sustenance,
support, forage;
ymborth [m], food,
board, diet, fare,
repast, provisions
(Welsh):
cibo [m] food; cibare,
to feed (Italian)
nourrir, to feed;
nouriture, alimentation

[f], surety, guarantee,
deposit (French)

food [<OE foda],
fodder [<OE
fodor],
nourishment
[<Lat. nutrio-ire]

kebu (kebv),
Script, Q829) [m],

x

har ânce, ânce,
harce, whatever,
pron.; barxi,
andaki, yekcand,
adj., andaki, pron.
some (Persian)

sto, pron. what
chtos, chtosci,
pron. someone,
somebody;
niekatory, pron.
some; niekalki,
adv. several, some,
few (Belarus)

otidipote,
whatever; kapoios,
merikoi, peripou,
some (Greek)
aspak, fare, adv.;
cfarëdo, cilido, adj.
whatever; disa, një,
some, pron.
(Albanian)

quacumque [-cunque],
wherever, by whatever
way

peth, adj. some, any;
rhai, adj. some, pron.
some ones;
rhyw, adj.
some, certain, any
(Welsh)
checche (Italian)
quelque (French)

pronoun,
whatever, some

cek, Script
Z64, Z648, Z1628

x

ka, kahe, who
(Avestan)
ke, ce kasi, who;
ke, kodâm,
which;
ce,
kodâm, ânce,
what (Persian)

niekatory, pron.
some; niekalki,
adv. several, some,
few (Belarus)

o opoios, poios,
who; o opoios,
poios,
pou, which;
ekeinos, oti, oste,
that (Greek)
, that; cfarë, c,
sa, adj. what
(Albanian)

quae

pwy, sawl, a, who;
pa, a, which; a, hwnnw
(honno [f]), that; hwn
(hon [f]), this; beth,
pa, what (Welsh)
alcuni; qualche, some
(Italian)
quelque (French)

any, some; relat.
who, which, what,
that

cei, Script
Q65, K119, TC290

x

zirâ, because, conj.
(Persian)

bo, conj. because,
for; dziela, pron.
because of, for; z
-za, pron. because
of (Belarus)

epeidi, giati, dioti,
because (Greek)
për arsye të, sepse,
nga që, because,
conj. (Albanian)

quia

achos, conj. because;
prep., because, for;
canys (cans), conj.
because, for; oblegid,
conj. prep, because,
for; oherwydd, prep.,
conj., because (Welsh)
perche (Italian)
parce que;
car (French)

because [<ME bi cause]

ceia, Script
Z606, Z614, Z622,
Z629

x

x

x

ekeinoi, ekeines,
ekeina, those
(Greek)
këta, këto, ato,
pron. those
(Albanian)

quegil, quel

hwnnw (honno; [f],
hynny [n]), rheini,
rheiny (Welsh)
quel, quegli, quelli
(Italian)
ces, ceux-là, those;
quel, what, which
(French)

those

cel, Script
R64, G-1, TC325

prAzu, adj., very
quick, swift; tUrta,
adj. quick, swift;
senAjU, adj., swift as
an arrow; sthag,
sthagayati, pp.
sthagita, to cover, hide,
conceal;
mluc, mlocati,
to go to rest, hide
behind, go down, set

xik, hide [n],
penhân kardan,
pusidan, nahoftan,
to hide; fast, tond,
câbok, adj.; tond,
adv. fast; câbok,
tondrow, arvand,
swift, adj.
(Persian)

chavac, kryc, to
hide; chutki,
sparki, adj. quick,
rapid, fast
(Belarus)

krybo, krybomai,
hide; tachys,
grigoros, rapid;
apokrypto, conceal
(Greek)
fsheh, mbaj të
fshehtë, zhduk, fut,
strukem, to hide; i
atypëratyshëm, i
shpejtë, adj. swift
(Albanian)

celo-are, to hide; celer
eris
, swift

celo, to hide, conceal,
cloak, dissemble;
cuddio, to hide,
conceal, cloak, mask;
(Welsh)
celere, adj. (Italian)
ces, ceux-là, those;
celer, to hide; célerité
[f], speed, swiftness,
alacrity (French)

to hide, to be
swift, fast; speed
[<OE
sped,
success];
code
[<Lat. codex (older
caudex)-dicis
[m],
trunk of a tree;
transf. a book
made from
wooden tablets]

cela, Script
AG-1;
CELeRIM, Script,
Z582;
celi, Script Z180,
Z197, Z263, Z357,
Z412, Z421, Z1040,
Z1337, Z1345;
celo (celv), Script
Z727, Z897, Z1203
celto (celtv) , Script
Q813– probably cel
tv or, L.
celator, a
concealor, or
Celtae
arum
, the Celts

zvas, zvasiti, zvasati,
te, blow, bluster, hiss,
whistle, snort, breathe,

sigh; lap, lapAta (-te),
chatter, prate, talk,
lament, wail;
kaj,
kUjati, -te
, make
inarticulate sounds,
cry, sing, moan, groan

nâle [n], nâlidan,
to sigh; sugvâri,
nâlâni, lamentation
(Persian)

jencec, to moan
(Belarus)

thrino, bogko,
bogkito,
stenagmos, moan;
thrino, klaio
goera,
lament (Greek)
kërcitje, rënkim,
ofshamë, groan [n],
flas me rënkim,
rënkoj, ofshaj, to
groan (Albanian)

gemo, gemere, gemui,
gemitum

griddfan, ochain,
tuchan, to groan;
gemere, (Italian)
gémir (French)

to sigh, groan,
moan, lament; of
lions, to roar

cem, Script
Z263, Z432, Z887,
Z1192, Q701;
cemo (cemv), Script
K36

viS, viveSTi, to stir,
not rest, finish food,
overcome, conquer;
ghas, ghasti, to
devour, swallow, eat;
jaks,
jaksiti, to eat,
consume;
saMbhojya
adj. to be enjoyed or
eaten; valbh, valbhate,
to eat, taste;
sAyamazana [m],
evening meal, supper

sâm xordan, nahâr
xordan,
sâm dâdan,
to dine; xordan, to
eat (Persian)

jesci, v. imp.,
zjesci, v. perf., to
eat; zjadac, v.
imp.,
zjesci, v.
perf. to eat
(Belarus)

gevmatizo, dine;
trogo, eat (Greek)
ha darkë, ha drekë,
bëj darkë, shtroj, to
dine; darkë [n],
supper (Albanian)

ceno-are

ciniawa, to dine, lunch
(Welsh)
cena [f], supper,
(Italian)
souper [m], supper
(French)

to dine, to dine on,
eat

cen, Script
AL-8, TC150;
ceni, Script AN-49;
ceno (cenv), Script
N216, K52

Dala, branch; zAkhA
adj., [f], branch, limb,
arm, leg, finger
ramification, species,
sort; viTapa [m],
branch, twig, bush;
bhuja [m], arm, branch,
trunk of an elephant,
coil of a snake;
Avrazcana, tree stump;
vepres, twigs [Rig Veda Book IX.3)

sâxe, so'be, branch;
tarke, twig
(Persian)

halina [f], branch,
twig; pien [m]
trunk (Belarus)
saka, forked
branch; vitis, tree
limb (Baltic-
Sudovian)

ypokatastima,
kldos, parakladi,
branch; (Greek)
Sdege (bot), filial,
linjë, fushë (fig);
lemë (fig); mëngë,
degëzim, përrua
branch (Albanian)

ramus-i [m], bough,
branch, twig; stipes
itis [m] a log, stump,
tree-trunk, branch,
post, club; separo-are,
to separate, consider
separately;
pila-ae [f], a pillar, pier, bookstall

ban-nau [m.f.], peak,
corner, quarter, arm,
branch, verse;
braich,
breichiau [f], arm,
branch; cainc, cangau,
ceinciau [f], branch,
arm, bough, limb;
cangen, gangehennau,
cangau [f], branch,
bough; colfen-ni, nau
[f], bough, branch, tree
pill-ion [m, bit of
poetry, snatch of son,
branch, post, defence
(Welsh)
ceppo [m]
stump, log, pine-stock,
beams, stock; ramo
[m], branch (Italian)
cep [m] vine stock;
cépage, vine plant;
branche [f], branch
(French)

branch [<LLat.
branca, paw],
stump, club

cep, Script Z737;
cepe, Script Z709?
Q162

cepen, Script Z656,
Z665, Z709, Z1139,
Z1250, Z1359, M74
cepi, Script L31,
MS18;

cepis; Script Z29; see Note (2)

x

x

x

x

x

x

name, possibly the
Greek god
Cepheus

Cephes, Script
N469
Cephii, Script N607,
N638;
kephes, Script Q406

vilApa [m],
lamentation;
zvas, zvasiti, zvasati,
te
, blow, bluster, hiss,
whistle, snort, breathe,

sigh; lap, lapAta (-te),
chatter, prate, talk,
lament, wail;
kaj,
kUjati, -te
, make
inarticulate sounds,
cry, sing, moan, groan

nimraomnô [ni
mrû], to speak
submissively, to
declare, to address,
wail (Avestan)
gerye kardan,
geristan, ask
rixtan, to weep
(Persian)
lament,
lamentowac,
oplakiwac, lament
(Polish)
asarat, to weep
(Baltic-Sudovian)
khaso, dakryzo,
stazo, to weep
(Greek)
qaj, vajtoj, to weep
(Albanian)
queror, queri, questo;
to bewail, lament;

cero-are
, to cover with
wax
marwnad-au [f],
lament, elegy, dirge;
alaethu, to lament;
cwynfan, to complain,
lament;
cwyno,
cwynfan
to complain,
lament, bewail, whine;
galarnadu, to bewail, lament; galaru, to
mourn, grieve, lament;
caoidh [f], weeping,
lamentation;
caoidh,
va. weep, mourn,
bewail (Scott)
lamentare, vt. (Italian)
lamenter (French)
to bewail, lament
[<Lat. lamentor
-ari
, to weep, wail,
lament],
whine [<OE hwinan, to
make a whizzing
sound];
mourn
[<OE murnan]
cere, Script Z133;
ceren, Script Z665,
Z737, Z755, Z769

ceres
, Script N505,
N563;
ceri, Script Z665
prakara, m. heap,
multitude; cayana,
heap, pile; stupa [m]
dowr gereftan,
hambastan, to
encircle; dâyere,
farvand, cambar,
circle [n]; tude,
kope, poste, heap
[n]; angostar,
halqe
[n], zang zadan, to
ring (Persian)
gromadzic, halda,
kupa, mnostwo,
sterta, heap; kola,
kolo, krag, obwod,
sfery, zakreslic
okrag, circle
(Polish)
akruzac, v. imp.,
akruzyc, v. perf.
to surrond [mil.]
(Belarus)
grandis,
preiperstas, ring
(Baltic-Sudovian)
soros, sorevo,
syssorevo, heap;
daktycidi,
palaistra,
koudounisma,
koudounizo, ring
(Greek)
turrë, head; rrethoj,
përqarkoj, to
surround
(Albanian)
acervo-are, to heap up
acervus-i [m], heap
curnennu, to heap,
stack;
pentyrro, to
heap, pile, accumulate,
amass (Welsh)
curnenu, curnenn, to
heap, stack; amgylchu,
amgylch, to surround,
encircle, compass,
encompass;
tyrru, to
surround amgarn-au
[m.f.], metal circle,
ferrule, ring
càrn [m.] a heap, pile,
va. heap, pile (Scott)
cernere, to choose, sort
(Italian)
cerne [m.] ring, circle;
cerner, to surround
(French)
encircle [<Lat.
circus-i, ring],
heap [<OE hëap]
cerni (heaps,
tumuli?), Script Q21

vivAda [m], dispute;
vad, vadati, -te, to
speak, raise the voice,
sing, sound, dispute;
sunizcita adj., well
determined or quite
certain;
kRtanizcaya
adj. convinced, certain,
sure; resolute,
determined to

gozârdan, to
decide; yaqin,
pârei, ostovâr,
adj., ostovâr [n],
certain; cuno cerâ,
peykâr, câles,
kesmakes, dispute
[n], setize kardan,
to dispute
(Persian)

dyskutowac,
dysputa, spierac
sie, spor, dispute
(Polish)

amfisbito, to
dispute (Greek)

diskutoj, debatoj,
polemizoj, to
dispute; adv.
vendosur, decided
(Albanian)

certo-are, certus-um,
adj. settled, decided,
certain, sure;
disputo-are, to debate,
dispute, inquire

amau, amheu, to
doubt, suspect,
dispute, cojtest,
question, query,
discredit; sicr, adj.
sure, certain, secure (Welsh)
certaich, va. rectify,
adjust, put to
rights;
ceartas [m]
(Scott)
certo [m] adj. certain.,
disputare (Italian)
certain, adj. certain;
disputer, discuter,
polémique (French)

to settle by
contest,
dispute [<Lat.
dipsuto-are
],
control;
certain
[<OFr. certain]

cert, Script R565,
R574
PVLVMiK
(polumik)
Script
Au79, Au99

mithyA, adv. wrongly,
falsely, in vain; With
{brU, vac}, etc. speak
falsely, tell a lie;
kaitava [f], deceit,
fraud, lie; asant, not
existing, unreal,
untruth, lie

doruq [n], doruq
goftan, derâz
kasidan, xâbidan,
to lie (Persian)

chlusic, to lie, tell
lies; chlusnia [f],
lie;
fals [f],
falsehood [f],
mana [f], lie,
untruth (Belarus)

psevdomai, leo
psemata, xaplono,
briskomai, psema,
lie (Greek)
falsitet, ide e
gabuar, pavërtetësi,
falsehood;
falsifikoj,
shtrembëroj, to
falsify (Albanian)

mentior-iri

celwyddo, to lie, tell
lies, fib, equivocate,
prevaricate (Welsh)
mentire (Italian)
gésir (French)

to lie?

kes, Script
N453, N563

zI, zIyate, fall, cease,
perish; visarjana,
cessation, end, letting
go; sRj, sRjati, -te,
sarjati {prati} send
forth, give up, resign,
yield, cease

ist, adj., ist,
istgâh,,[n], istâdan,
bâzistâdan, band
âvardan, to stop
(Persian)

prpynak [m], to
halt, stop;
prypyniacca, v.
imp., prypynicca,
v. perf., to stop;
spyniacca, vi.
imp., spynicca, v.
perf., stop, come
to a standstill;
spyniac, v. perf.,
spynic, v. imp.
stop, bring to a
standstill (Belarus)
stabdit (Baltic
Sudovian)

stamatto, pavo,
cease; apofero,
parago, apoaido,
apodos, kerdos,
sodeia, yield; stasi,
stamatima, stop
(Greek)
mbaroj, pushoj,
ndërpres, to stop
(Albanian)

ceso-are

peidio, peidi, to cease,
stop, desist, refrain,
forbear, remit (Welsh)
géill, yield, submit,
obey (Scott)
cessare (Italian)
cesser (French)

to stop [<Lat.
stuppare, to stop
with a tow; Gk,
stuppe, tow],
cease, yield

ces, Script TC327;
cesa, Script Z1265,
Z1310;

ceso (cesv)
, Script
Z489, TC170,
TC298, F-13, AG-1,
Q661, Q692, Q726,
Q745, Q847, R661

x

har, har yek, har
kodâm, adj., har,
har yek, har
kodâm, pron. each;
har, harme, harkas,
adj., har, harkas,
pron. every;
hamekas,
harnekas, harke,
harkas, everyone
(Persian)

kozny, pron.
every, each
(Belarus)

kathenas, each,
everyone;
kathe,
every (Greek)
cdo,
secili, adj.
each; gjithkush,
secili, pron. each;
cdo, kushdo,
gjithkush, everyone
(Albanian)

quisque, quaeque

pob, adj., each, every;
pawb, everyone, all;
popeth [m],
everything
(Welsh)
ciascuno, ogni, ognuno,
each, pron. (Italian)
chaque, each, every
adj., chacun, pron.
(French)

each, every,
everyone,
everything

cesk, Script
N311, N378, Q171,
R381, R554, R581,
R584

x

in, adj., pron., this;
(Persian)

hety, pron. = toj,
this, that (Belarus)

aftos, afti, afto,
this; aftoi, aftes,
afta, these (Greek)
këta, këto, these
(Albanian)

hic, haec, hoc

hwn [m], hon [f], hyn
[n], this; hynny,
rheini, rheiny, those
(Welsh)
questo, pron. [m], this
one, questi, queste
[m.f., pl.] (Italian)
ce, cet, cette, demonst.
adj., (French)

this, these

cesti, Script
N590, N676, N711,
N805, R248, R439,
R474, R521, R565,
R584

adhikRta
adj. placed at the head,
appointed; [m],
superintendent,
magistrate, official;
adhikaraNika [m],
judge or magistrate.

jostoju [n], jostoju
kardan, quest
(Persian)

sukac, to look for,
seek (Belarus)

eirinodikis,
dikastis,
magistrate; zito,
parakalo, aitisi,
paraklisi, ask,
request (Greek)
gjyqtar, gjykatës,
anëtar i
magjistratit,
qytetar, zyrtar
(Albanian)

quaestor-oris,
magistrate,
quaeso-ere,
to seek for, ask for

ymholiad-au [m],
ymofyn-ion [m],
inquiry;
ustus-iaid [m],
justice, magistrate;
ynad-on [m], judge,
justice, magistrate,
consul (Welsh)
inchiesta [f], inquiry
(Italian)
quêter, to go in quest
of, beg;
quêteur-oer,
collection-taker
(French)

magistrate [Lat. magistratus-us, m.]; to seek
for, ask for; justice [<Lat.
iustitia-ae [f], justice, equity

cestor (cestvr),
Script R164, G9

guNI, to submit or
yield to; labh, labhate (
ti & lambhate), get,
obtain, receive,
procure, cede,
surrender, yield

sepordan, to
surrender (Persian)

paddacca, to
surrender
(Belarus)

parachoro, grant;
paradosi, paradido,
paradidomai,
surrender (Greek)
jap, dorëzoj,
prodhoj, lë, trëgoj,
to yield (Albanian)

cedo, cedere, cessi,
cessum

gildio, to yield, forgo,
relinguish; ildio, to
yield; rhoi, rhoddi,
dyro, rhotho, to give,
bestow, yield, confer,
grant, impart, put,
ascribe; ymroddi
(ymroi), to apply
oneself, devote
oneself, yield, resign,
surrender (Welsh)
cedere to cede, yield,
surrender, give in
(Italian)
céder, to give up,
yield, give away
(French)
pai, to go (Hittite)

to go, proceed, to
turn out, happen,
fall to the lot of a
person, retire,
grant, yield

ceto (cetv), Script
N311, N378, Q162

uccasaMzaya,
standing above (star);
tar, star;
stR, star

star, stara [-],
strãm
(Avestan)
setâre, axtar, star
(Persian)

zorka [f], star
(Belarus)
lauksend, star
(Baltic-Sudovian)

asteri,
protagonistis,
protaganisto
(Greek)
yll (Albanian)

stella-ae [f]

seren (Welsh)
étoille [f] (French)
stella [f] (Italian)
Sittar, a star, (Hittite)

star

x

maanava (man)
maanavaH

mashîm
[mashya]
naire
(Avestan)
mard, kas, kârgar,
man (Persian)

covek, cove"cji
mu"skarac (Serbo
Croatian)
muzcyna [m]
calaviek [m]
(Belarus)
zmane (Baltic
Sudovian)

andras (Greek)
burrëri, nuerëzim,
mankind
(Albanian)

homo-inis; ver, veri

dyn-ion [m], man,
person, fellow, folk,
folks;
gwr, man,
husband; (Welsh)
fear (Scott)
den (Breton)
meri mireñ, man, a
warrior? (Lycian)
uomo [m] (Italian)
homme [m] (French)

man; see man
(were)
viri above

x

ayasaH (m)

ayanghaênaca
[ayanghaêna]
(Avestan)
âhan, otu [n], otu
kasidan, to make
iron (Persian)

gvo"zdje, pegla
(Serbo-Croatian)
zaleza (Belarus)

sideros, sidero
(Greek)
hekur (Albanian)

ferrum-i

hearn (heyrn-au) [m], (Welsh)
ferro [m] (Italian)
fer [m] iron, sword
(French)

iron [<OE isern]

x

dantaH

dandân, dandâne,
dande
[n] tooth
(Persian)

zub, zubac (Serbo
Croatian)
zub [m] (Belarus)
dantis (Baltic
Sudovian)

donti (Greek)
dhëmb (Albanian)

dens, dentis

dant (daint), dannedd
[m], tooth, fang (Welsh)
fiacaill-lan;
deud [m]
the teeth (Scott)
dente [m] (Italian)
dent [f] (French)

tooth [<OE toth]

x

Notes:
* Hittite words from www.utexas.edu
(1)
from: http://www.verbix.com/documents/etruscan/dravidian.htm#intr; regarding the word, capra:
"Only the finding of the true source of Etruscan can definitively settle the vexing problem of which textual words are actually members of that tongue or are borrowings from other tongues or wrongly ascribed to it by the authorities whence they were extracted. For instance, Herodotus affirms that the word kapra ("goat") is Etruscan, though it is now known to be the Latin capra for sure. How many errors such as this actually affect the many words assumed to be Etruscan by the ancient Classical authors? And these are by far the majority of words included in the more extensive "Etruscan" glossaries, which often fail to explicitly mention this controversial, unreliable origin."

(2) Twigs are an important part of the 650 pages of hymns of the Rig Veda, since it is by means of two sticks that the ancient sages of the Rig Veda were able to make their fire (as well as the fire within their homes). Agni, the god of fire, is the central figure of the Rig Veda. The fire is considered the messenger of men and gods (like the Greek god Hermes). But unlike Hermes Agni was self-begotten, since it had been observed that lightning, a form of Agni, is self-begotten. Connected to fire is the sun, the god Sura, and the dawn, the goddess Usas. A form of the sun god is Mitra (Persian, Mithra). Associated with the lightning was thunder, which was the weapon of the supreme god, Indra (who was like the Greek god Zeus, Roman god Jupiter, Etruscan god Tinia). Worship, or sacrifice, was conducted three times a day: dawn, noon, and sunset. From the weight of the hymns in the Rig Veda the dawn ceremony was no doubt the most important, setting the appeal for the coming day's wealth. The dawn ceremony for the Etruscans was no doubt the most important with respect to the augurs, as seen in the Divine_Mirror.html. Wealth in cattle, children, and booty from raids was the predominate thing for which the Aryan people prayed, arranged in a circle:


(Rig Veda Book VIII.86)
11. Bards joined in song to Indra so that he
might drink the Soma juice,
The Lord of Light, that he whose laws
stand fast might aid with power and
with the help he gives
12. The holy sages form a ring, looking and
singing to the Ram [Indra]
Inciters, full of vigour, not to be deceived,
are with the chanters, nigh to hear.

According to the Rig Veda the [original] Hindu pantheon includes 33 gods. The location of the initial five tribes invading the Indus region of ancient India, now Eastern Pakistan and Western India, initially included the upper reaches of the river Sarasvati. The river was a supreme goddess in her own right. The drainage basin of the Sarasvati is now desert and an area of the Harappan civilization. The Sarasvati can be viewed by a satellite photograph as a dry river bed system. It reaches from the Punjab, east of the Sutlej river (mentioned in the Rig Veda), toward the Gulf of Kutch on the Arabian Sea. The people that attacked the cities of this area (some forts had "metal," Sanskrit, "ayas," walls), fighting for booty in terms of cattle, horses, slaves and gold, were Indo-Europeans. Because of the time in which they were conducting their cattle raids, what is recorded in the Rig Veda may have a bearing upon Etruscan practices. The frequent use of the word, "ayas," which could mean "copper / bronze" or "iron" according to Vedic scholars, suggests that the invaders were Iron Age people, dating more into the period 1,200 B.C. to 850 B.C., making them contemporaries of the Etruscans and other Iron Age peoples who during that period were migrating. Currently scholars believe that the Rig Veda was from a period of time ~ 1,500 B.C., and some argue that the speakers of Sanskrit originated in India and migrated eastward and westward. However, this theory is controverted by the Rig Veda, the oldest Sanskrit document, which shows an evolving tradition, initially focused on cattle raids on the order of the Irish epic, T'ain Bo Cuailange, and the attempts to defend themselves against the brown-skinned peoples of the region. A frequent ephitet of Indra describes him as "fair-skinned," contrasting him and his Aryans with the brown-skinned, godless indiginous peoples of the Sarasvati region. What determined whether one was godless was whether the people practiced a ritual centered in what can be called a "Banquet of the Gods." The banquet included the offering of cows, horses and a juice called Soma. The cattle being offered at the three banquets of the gods were tied to a pillar or stake called the Vanaspati (Rig Veda IX.V. 10). The ritual included the purification of the Vanaspati with Soma. This is what the Encyclopaedia Britaninica says about Soma:


"Soma, in ancient Indian cult worship, an unidentified plant, the juice of which was a fundamental offering of the Vedic sacrifices. The stalks of the plant were pressed between stones, and the juice was filtered through sheep's wool and then mixed with water and milk. After first being offered as a libation to the gods, the remainder of the soma was consumed by the priests and the sacrificer. It was highly valued for its exhilarating, probably hallucinogenic, effect. The personified deity Soma was the “master of plants,” the healer of disease, and the bestower of riches.

The soma cult exhibits a number of similarities to the corresponding haoma cult of the ancient Iranians and is suggestive of shared beliefs among the ancient Indo-Europeans in a kind of elixir of the gods. Like haoma, the soma plant grows in the mountains, but its true origin is believed to be heaven, whence it was brought to earth by an eagle. The pressing of soma was associated with the fertilizing rain, which makes possible all life and growth."

Soma was a golden-brown color, probably made from hemp, and in the rite around a circular fire altar was strewn carefully cut grass (possibly hemp). The juice was pressed between two rocks into a large wooden vat and from the vat, called a dronakalasa, the Soma – which may have been fermented, since the Rig Veda refers to it expanding or growing – was poured from pitchers through a woolen cloth, called a strainer, and the pure fluid was then mixed with milk. At some point the Soma is mixed with water, honey, barley and curds and lastly milk. The text refers to Soma as "meath" (mead), and most of the instructions for making it are in the Rig Veda Book IX, Ralph T. H Griffith's translation. Bits of the process are scattered throughout the Rig Veda.
Those who were godless did not participate in the Soma rite. However, as one gets deeper into the Rig Veda, one can see the five tribes of Aryans becoming more settled, to the extent that their hymns focused on getting protection of the gods against internicine warfare. Early in the Rig Veda it is clear that a barbarian is not favored by the gods. But then, in Book VIII the priests (Brahmins) sing about issues involving battles between Soma worshippers. Who is more favored? The most favored would be those who are more generous with their offerings. The more cattle you offer the more the gods give you. The gods frown on the niggardly. And of course a niggardly offering would not be well received from the priests who lived off of the offrings.
Indra is always available to defend the sincere worshipper from his chariot, driven by two bay steeds. He is the defender of herds, like Cúchulainn, the Celtic hero of the great cattle-raid, the T'ain Bo Cuailange. Like Cúchulainn, Indra and other Hindu gods have the ability to morph, but Cúchulainn did have some interesting feats that stretched the imagination a bit more than Indra did, in my opinion. Indra the dragon killer shares a heritage seen in other Indo-European heroes, such as the German Siegfried and English Beowolf.

Drinking mead is part of an old Indo-European ritual and the mead, an alcoholic beverage fermented with honey and water, certainly aquired more than an alcoholic kick to it in India (probably containing in its brew marijuana from the hemp). Barley was probably the main grain from which mead was made, as was the case with Soma. The ritual represented in Etruscan banquet scenes is probably mead made out of wine, perhaps like the later Roman mulsum, or mulse.
Within the Etruscan banquet scenes are icons such as an altar, the passing of a small stick or wand, offering an egg, and the depiction of horses, and it may be that bay or red colored horses are the choice of the Etruscan riders in the afterlife. The blue-grey colors, as in Hindu pictures, deal with death, the otherworld, Erebus. Unlike the view of the Rig Veda, of praying for long-life – not addressing a world after death – the Etruscans focused completely on the 'hereafter," more on the same level as the Egyptians, as can be seen in their murals.



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