Indo-European Table 1, Etruscan Vocabulary, Etruscan Phrases with Indo-European cognates

04.10.2022 Etruscan Vocabulary, Etruscan Phrases– Etruscan etymological relationships to other Indo-European languages; Proto-Indo-Europea. (PIE):

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Etruscan_Phrases

Indo-European Table 1, Part 2


 by Mel Copeland

(from a work published in 1981)

This table has Indo-European, Akkadian, Hurrian, Georgian (Kartlevian), Latvian (Baltic) and Finnish (Uralic) selections. We have colored words that may be related among the various languages/families. The coloring provides an unusual view of the mix and concordance of the cited languages.




Table 1, Section 1A: Indo-European words as they relate to Etruscan.  Note: colors indicate possible relationship among words.

Sanskrit


Avestan, Persian, Georgian, Hurrian, Akkadian

Slavic, Baltic, Romanian,
Finnish-Uralic


Greek, Armenian, Albanian, Basque


Latin

other


English

Etruscan

,

kas, api, that, although, yad, that, since, kas. ka, kat/kim, who, what? who what, someone, anyone,

ka, kahe, who, yim, who, aya [aem] (fî), this, cim?, interr. pron. who, what, which, ci ta[-], cish [ci], cîm [ci], what? who? which? (indef. pron.), anyone, someone, whoever, whatever, ýa [-], ýat, who, which, that, conj. when ta [-], this, that, he, she, it (Avestan)
 

kyکی who, when, whom, ke, که,  that, as, what, which, who, whom, whether, kudom, کدام, which, any, če, چه, what?,  ce kasiچه چیزی, what,  ke či,  چی what, ânce, آنچه what (Persian)

ვინ, vin, who,
რა, ra, what, რომელიც, romelits’, which, რომ, rom, that,  (Georgian)


inv(-), pron, dem., that (Urartian)
ave-, abe-, ave-, ab-i ~ av-i, who, au-nni, av-, #aw, what, andi, andu,  -lla, -l, -nna, -n, anv-, that (Hurrian)


minu, pron. interr., who?, mija, who?, ja’u, which, aba, abu, what, mūnu, interr., what?, allű, that, the other, agâ, aga’a, agaja, aga’i, annű, that, this, ammiu, m., ammīt, f., that, those, šāt, pron. fem. s., she of, that of, which, šât, fem.pl. they of, those of, which  (Akkadian)



хто,
chto, who, што, što, what, that, які, jaki, which (Belarussian)

chto, pron. who;
cyj, pron. whose sto, pn. what (Belarus)
tko, who,
što, what, koji, which, da, that, (Croatian)

kto, who, co, what, który, which, że, that (Polish)
ka, what (Baltic
Sudovian)
kurš, who,
kas, which, what, ka, that (Latvian)
kas, who, , what, which, tai, that (Lithuanian)
care, who, which, what, whichever, ce, what, acea, that (Romanian)
kuka, who, että, that, mitä, what, joka, which (Finnish-Uralic)



ο οποίος, o opios, who, οι οποίες, oi opoíes, which. τι, ti, what, ότι, óti, that (Greek)
ով, ov, who, որը, vory, which, ինչ, inch’, what, որ, vor, that (Armenian)
kush, who, which Çfarë, what, , that, kujt, whom, quod, that, which, (Albanian)

nor, who, nork, who?, bertan, zein, which, zer, what, hori, that  (Basque)

qui, who, which quae, any, some, who, which, what,  quod, that, which, quid est, what





 

a, who, which, cad, what, sin, that (Irish)
, who, , what, a tha, which, 
sin, that (Scott)
pwy, sawl,
a, who, what,
beth, what, pa, a, which, sydd, which, a, hwnnw (honno) that;  hwn (hon), this; (Welsh)
chi, who, che cosa, what, quale, which,  che, who, what, which, quello, quella, that, cio, that, (Italian)
qui, who, lequel, laquelle, which, quel, quelle, what,
ce, cette, that (French)

કોણ,
Kōṇa, who,
શું, Śuṁ, what, which, કે, , that (Gujarati)
kim, who, ne, what, whatsoever,
hangisi, which, whichever, o, ki, that (Turkish)

ДДСҰ, DDSU, who, kim, who, не, ne, what, қайсысы, qaysısı, which, қай, qay, which, сол, sol, pron. that, бұл, bol, that (Kazakh)
JSSV, who, kim, who, nima, what, whichever, qaysi, which, bu, that, u/o'sha, that, he/she (Uzbek)
кӣ,
, who, which, that, чӣ, он, on, pron. he, that, чӣ, , what (Tajik)
эмне, emne, what, кайсы, kaysı, which, ошол, oşol, that (Kyrgyz)         

ДЭМБ, DEMB, who, хэн, khen, pron. who, юу, yuu, what, аль, alis, which, тэр, ter, that (Mongolian)
誰,
Shuí, who, whose, someone,
什麼, Shénme, what, 孰, Shú, what, 哪, , which, where, that, 哪個, Nǎge, which (Traditional Chinese)
 

kuse, kus (pron. inter.)  [B kuse], who?, what? kuc-ne (conj.), that, since, pron., rel. who, which  (Tocharian)


ki, who, what, qi+k, whoever, Lydian)
ti, who, which, rel. pron.,
ti-: N/A/Nt ti, D tdi, Npl. ti, Ntpl. tija / ti+k, indef pron., quid-a, whatever (Lycian)
ki, which (Mylian)


kui, who, what (Palaic)


kui/kue/kua, who?, what?, someone, anyone, kuis, who, kuis, kuisa, who, whoever, kuis imam kuis, whoever else, kās, this, kui-, that, who, which, what, kuit, what, kui-, kui->, whoever, whichever, whatever, kui- imma kui, kui-kui, whichever, whoever, whatever, kuat ima kuat, whatever, for whatever reason, kuis kuis, whoever, kuis imam, kuis, whoever else, apa-as, that, he, she, it, apās, that, apā-,  apa-as, that, he, she, it, ani, that,  apās, that, si/oni/ni/ini, that (one) (Hittite)


who? [<OE hwa], which, [<OW hwilc], what [<OE hw ćt], (interrog.)
whoever,
whichever,
that, [<OE th
ćt],
2-1

ca, Script N74, Q468, Q488, Au35, BS-9, Au36, Au67, L-3, LS-3, XM-9, Script N74,, Script N74,
Q468, Q488, Au35;
BS-9 (probably is what)



cai, Script R87

parirakṣaṇa, guarding, protecting, a protector
samvrta, concealed, kept secret, cautious;
yat, yatati, -te
, to join, connect, unite; take pains, be cautious or careful; prayatnavant assiduous, careful: prayatna, zealously, diligently, carefully

fravashi [e], guardian spirit, angel (Avestan)
ehtiyât, احتیاط
caution, mahtat, محتاط, cautious,  movâzeb, مواظب adj., alert, cautious,  sanjydh, سنجیده careful, guarded, restrained, mature (Persian)
იყოს ერთ -ერთი მცველიფრთ, iq’os ert -erti mtsveli, to be on one's guard,  დაცული, datsuli, guarded, ხილი, prtkhili, cautious (Georgian)

nāṣiru, guard, adj., protecting, naṣāru, to  guard, keep somebody under guard, to fulfill duties, to be on the alert, to heed, etc., naṣriš, guarded, under guard, maṣṣartu, in ša maṣṣarti, guardian, watchman (Akkadian)

ахоўны, achoŭny, guarded, быць на варце, być na varcie, to be on one's guard, асцярожны,  asciarožny, cautious (Belarusian) asciarozznasc, caution, care, prudence (Belarus)
čuvan, guarded, biti na oprezu, to be on one's guard, oprezan, cautious (Croatian)
mieć się na baczności, to be on one's guard, ostrożny, cautious (Polish)
apsargāta, guarded, būt sargājošam,
to be on one's guard, piesardzīgi, cautious (Latvian)
păzit, guarded, a fi în gardă to be on one's guard, precaut, cautious (Romanian)
varovainen, guarded, olla varuillaan, to be on one's guard, varovainen, cautious (Finnish-Uralic)



επιφυλακτικός, epifylaktikós, guarded, να είσαι σε επιφυλακή, na eísai se epifylakí, to be on one's guard, προσεκτικός, prosektikós, cautious (Greek)
պահպանում է, pahpanum e, guarded, մեկի վրա լինել, meki vra linel, to be on one's guard, զգույշ, zguysh, cautious Armenian)
të jesh në roje, to be on one's guard, maturi, caution, i kujdesshëm, cautious (Albanian)

alaitzen, guarded, norberaren zaindar egon,to be on one's guard, zuhur, cautious (Basque)

caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum, to be on one's guard

cosanta, guarded,  aireach, cautious (Irish)
děon, guarded, faiceallach, cautious (Scott)
gwarchodedig, guarded, gochelgar, cautious (Welsh)
protetto, guarded, cauta, cauto, cautious, attenzione, caution! (Italian)
gardé, m., gardée, f., guarded, mise en garde, be on one's guard, faites attention, be careful, prudente, prudent, cautious (French)


સાવચેત રહેવું, Sāvacēta rahēvuṁ, to be on one's guard, સાવધ, Sāvadha, cautious  (Gujarati)
tetikte olmak, to be on one's guard, temkinli, cautious (Turkish)

сақ болу, saq bolw, to be on one's guard, сақ  saq, cautious (Kazakh)
ehtiyot bo'lish, to be on one's guard, ehtiyotkor, cautious (Uzbek)

дар посбонӣ будан, dar posʙonī ʙudan, dar posʙonī ʙudanto be on one's guard, эҳтиёткор, ehtijotkor, cautious (Tajik)
сак болуу, sak boluu, to be on one's guard, этият, etiyat, cautious  (Kyrgyz)to be on one's guard,  to be on one's guard, 

өөрийн харуул дээр байх, ööriin kharuul deer baikh, to be on one's guard, болгоомжтой, bolgoomjtoi, cautious (Mongolian)

提防, Tífáng, to be on one's guard, 謹 慎, Jǐnshčn, cautious (Traditional Chinese)


zrtne/i-: N zrtni, Apl. zrtniz, guard, protector (Mylian)

nahhant-, cautious, anxious, nah-, cautious, to be cautious, to be afraid, to be respectful, to fear, pahhas->, to guard, protect, keep people safe, auri-, awari-, auriyala-, border guard, haliyatalla-, temple guard (Hittite)

to be on one's
guard, [<OFr. guarder], cautious, [<Lat. cavere, to take care],

2-2

cave (CA8E),
Script Q162
caver (CA8ER), Script Q232

CAF_, (cau-. caf-)? Script ZA-4




 
rastrabhedin,
rebel; pratyucchri,
virodhakṛt
, to rise against, revolt,

rājadrohaṁ karoti, to  rebel




uzîra [uz-ir], to rise up (Avestan)
barm khydan,
برمخیدن challenge, mutiny, rebel, revolt, shureshi, شورشی   revolt (Persian)

აჯანყება,
ajanqeba, to revolt, აჯანყება,
ajanqeba, revolt (Georgian)

nabalkattu, to revolt, retreat, ramp, ladder, burglary, crossing, etc., našű, to rise up against someone, to arise, to prosper, to take medication, wear a crown, bear fruit, etc., tebű, to rise up in revolt, to advance, attack, get up, leave, depart, erect a building, etc., tēnānű, revolutionary?, tibűtu, revolt, resurrection, departure, attack, swarming,etc., zēr ḫalgatȋ, rebellious (as ana invective referring to an ethnic group, accursed    (Akkadian)


бунтаваць, buntavać, to revolt, паўстанне, paŭstannie, revolt (Belarusian)
na pobunu, to revolt, pobuna, revolt (Croatian)

buntowac sie,  to revolt, bunt, revolt,
rewolta, revolt, mutiny
(Polish);
sacelties, to revolt, sacelšanās, revolt (Latvian)
să se revolte, to revolt, revoltă, revolt, cabra, prance, revolt, oppose in the case of a horse (Romanian)
kapinoida to revolt, kapina, revolt (Finnish-Uralic)


να εξεγείρουν, na exegeíroun, to revolt, περιστροφή, peristrofí, revolt (Greek)
ապստամբություն,
apstambut’yun, to revolt, վերածնունդ, veratsnund, revolt (Armenian)
për të revoltuar, to revolt, revoltë, revolte (Albanian)

matxinatzeko, to revolt, matxinada, revolt (Basque)

deficio-ficere -feci-fectum, to do less than one might, to fail; revolt, rebel, to fail,
rebello-are, to rebel
tumultuari, revolt


chun éirí amach, to revolt, (éirí, rise) réabhlóid, revolt (Irish)
gus ar-a-mach, to revolt, (Scott)
ar-a-mach, rebellion,
i wrthryfela, to revolt (Welsh)
rivoltare, to revolt, rivolta, revolt
(Italian)
se révolter, to revolt,
révolte, revolt, cabrer, to buck, to revolt, rebel, rise up (French)


બળવો કરવો, Baḷavō  karavō, to revolt, બળવો, Baḷavō, revolt, rebellion (Gujarati)

ayaklanmak, to revolt, isyan, revolt (Turkish)
көтеріліс жасау, köterilis jasaw, to revolt, көтеріліс, köterilis, revolt (Kazakh)

isyon qilmoq, to revolt  isyon, revolt (Uzbek)
исён кардан, isjon kardan, to revolt,  исён, isjon, revolt (Tajik)    

козголоң чыгаруу, kozgoloŋ çıgaruu, козголоң, kozgoloŋ, revolt (Kyrgyz)
бослого гаргах, boslogo gargakh, to revolt, бослого, boslogo, revolt (Mongolian)     

反 抗, Fǎnkŕng, to revolt, 反 叛, Fǎnpŕn, revolt (Traditional Chinese)
 
 

kātka-, rise, to arise, kātklune, arising (Tocharian)

pahs, to rise, arāi-, to rise, to rebel, halt, arha t., to rebel, to disappear, wakresr/wakresn, rebellion, uakkariie/a, wakrie/a, to revolt, rebel, against, waggariya-, to rebel, to make rebel, to be indignant, marsant-, rebel, spoiled, bad, marsessa-, to rebel, to become evil, to get spoiled, awan, edi nāi- , to rebel, edi, to make rebel , (to lead to the other side), to move, remove, harnamma(r), rebellion, turmoil, fermentation, yeast, hrbnala/i , rebel, turncoat, (Hittite)






to rear, to shy, to buck, to revolt [<Lat. revolvo-volvere-volvi-volutum, to roll backwards, to go over again], rebel, [<Lat. rebellare]

2-3


kabro (KA8RV)
Script Q162;
cabro (CA8RV), Script
Q232


avaguh, to cover, hide, conceal;
gunth, gunthayati, to veil, conceal, hide, cover; chada, pp. channa, to cover, veil, hide, conceal, keep secret tāmasaḥ, dark, obscure, andhaḥ, blind

panhân kardan, پنهان کردن  to hide, cache, cloak, cover, obliterate, shield, shroud, kur, adj., کور blind,  nâbinâ, adj., نابینا  blind, unable to see, târik, تاريك blind, adj.  (Persian)
დამალვა,
damalva, to hide,


დამალვა
ბრმა,
brma, to blind, ბნელი, bneli, to darken (Georgian)


timeri, timari, dark,
#hurri, night (Hurrian)

nāṭilu, in la nāṭilu, uppuu, adj.,  blind, 
uppudu, blind or having an eye defect, perhaps to blind, cause an eye injury, napāu, blind, to gouge out eyes, to kick up dust, turn upside down, etc., šītu, adj., blindness,
ṣalāmu, to turn black, to become dark, to turn dark, purple, to temper metal, da’ummu, du’ummu da’āmu, to become dark, da’ummatu, *du’umiš, adv., darkly, darkness, gloom, da’ummatu, darkness, gloom, eklu, dark, ekēlu, to be dark, erpu, adj., dark, erēpu, to become dark or , dusky,  eṭű, adj., dark, extinguished, eṭű, to be dark, dim, to darken, to be darkened, to become gloomy  ḫašű, dark, cloudy, to darken, mušēkilu, dark (lit. he who makes dark), na’duru, darkened, eclipsed, ādiru, darkening, adirtu, idurtu, hidirtu, edirtu, darkness, misfortune, calamity, obscurement, adru, adirtu, idirtu, dark, sad, ikiltu, ikletu, iklu, darkness, kukkű, darkness as a name of the netherworld, tarkiš,  adv., darkly, tarku, turruku, dark colored, tirku, dark spot, stroke, hit, blow, etc., turku, dark spot, ḫašű, dark, cloudy, (Akkadian)


схаваць,
schavać, to hide, сляпой, sliapoj, blind, цямнець, ciamnieć, to darken, цёмны, ciomny, dark (Belarusian)

chavac, kryc, to
hide,
ciemra,
darkness, ciomny, adj. dark,
slapy, adj.
blind (Belarus)

sakriti, to hide, slijepima, to blind, zatamniti, to darken (Croatian)

ukryć, to hide, ślepy, blind, ciemność, darken, ciemny, dark (Polish)
slēpties, to hide,  uz akli, to blind, pasliktināt, to darken (Latvian)
a se ascunde, to hide, a orbi, to blind,  întuneca, darken (Romanian)
piiloutua, to hide, tehdä sokea, to make blind, tumma, dark, tummentaa, to darken (Finnish-Uralic) 


κρυβω, kryvo, to hide, κάνει τυφλή, kánei tyflí, to make blind; tyfli, blind,   (Greek)
թաքցնել, t’ak’ts’nel, to hide, կույր, kuyr, to blind, մթնել, mt’nel, to darken (Armenian)
fsheh, të fshehtë, to hide,
të verbosh, to blind, errësoj, darken   (Albanian)

Ezkutatu, to hide, itsutu, to blind, ilun, dark, obscure, iluntasuna, darkness  (Basque)

caeco-are, to make blind or dark,
celo-are, to hide,
obscuro-are-avi-atum, to darken,

ater, atra, atrum, dark,
Erebus-i, god of darkness, lower world,

Erebeus-a-um, adj.,

Orcus-i, Orcos, the infernal region, god of the lower world,

temero-are, to darken





a cheilt, to hide, to blind, dall, dorcha, dark, chun dorchadas, to darken (Irish)
gus falach, to hide, gu dall, to blind,
dorcha, dark, gu dorchadas, to darken (Scott)
celu, to hide, conceal, cloak, dissemble;
cuddio, to hide,
conceal, cloak, mask; dirgelu, to secret, conceal, hide, dallu, to blind, dazzle, daze (Welsh)
nascondere, to hide, accecare, to blind,
caeco, obscuro, darken (Italian)
cacher, to hide, conceal, aveugler, to blind, assombrir,  darken (French)

સંતાડવું, Santāḍavuṁ, to hide, અંધ કરવા, Andha karavā, to blind, અંધારું કરવું, Andhāruṁ karavuṁ, darken (Gujarati)
gizlemek, to hide, kör etmek, to blind, karartmak, darken (Turkish)
жасыру, jasırw, to hide, соқыр болу, soqır bolw, to blind, күңгірттеу, küńgirttew. darken (Kazakh)
yashirmoq, to hide, ko'r qilmoq, to blind,  
qoraymoq, darken (Uzbek)
пинҳон кардан, pinhon kardan, to hide, кӯр кардан, kūr kardan, to blind, торик кардан, torik kardan, darken (Tajik)
жашыруу, jaşıruu, to hide, сокур кылуу, sokur kıluu, to blind, караңгылатуу, karaŋgılatuu, darken (Kyrgyz)
нуух, nuukh, to hide,
сохрох, sokhrokh, to blind,  харанхуйлах, kharankhuilakh, darken (Mongolian)
隱藏, Yǐncáng, to hide, 致盲, Zhě máng, to blind, 變暗, Biŕn ŕn, darken (Traditional Chinese)

 ksā-, blind, (Tocharian)

ule-> hide, conceal,  dasuuahh, tasuah, to make blind,
tasuant, blind, dasuwah-, to make blind, dazzle, hanzanas, dankuis, #dankui, nanakussiyant-, dark,  dnkui, dnkuai, dankuis, dnkudr, darkness, black, to become black, dankues, to get dark, dnkues, to become black, dankuuahh, danku(ua)nu, dankuianu, dnkuneske/a, dnku(a)nu, dnkuinu, dnkuah, to make black, hanzanas, dark, nana(n) kussiie/a, nana(n)gus(ie/a), to become dark, gloomy, obscure, #neku, to get dark, marwai, to blacken, tarkuwalāi-, to give someone a dark look,
(GE6-es-), dark   (Hittite)





to make blind, [<OE], hide? darken, [<OE doerc],

hazy [Origin unknown], not clearly defined, vague, obscure, [<Lat.obscurus],
cache, [<Fr.],
 

2-4




See "darken," 10-14,

to make blind, darken, 1-123



cace, Script M8,

See also,
2-49,  to hide,
cela, Script
AG-1;
CELeRIM, Script,
Z582;
celi, Script Z180, Z197, Z263, Z357,
Z412, Z421, Z1040, Z1337, Z1345;
celo (CELV), Script
Z727, Z897, Z1203
celto (CELTV) , Script
Q813– probably celtv or, L.
celator, a
concealor, or
Celtae
arum
, the Celts


CELATI, AG-7

See also,
10-14,

tam, Script L35
tamera, Script PN-2

Orcos, Script CBI-3,

See also,
1-102,
Arepe, N292, N444, R278, Q18,

Arepes, Script N31, N500, N561, N598, N632
x x x x x x see ca8e above

2-5
CAF_, Script ZA-4



x

x

x

Chiana Valley, betwen Sienna and Perugia


x

Chaina, place name, Chiana Valley :
Caina, Caino? Captured by Numicius 468 B.C.

2-6


Chaina (↓aina), Script AB-1;
Caina, Script NC-3

x x cais, apricot tree (Romanian) x Caius = Gaius, abbrev. C, a Roman praenomen, f., Gaia; port of Caieta x Gaius, name

2-7
Cais, Script MA-2











ucchedaniya, adj. to be cut off; anuccho, to cut open, cut up
nas-, nāśayati, to destroy,
mārayati, to kill animals, tāḍayati,to beat, praharati, to strike,  abhitad, to beat,hit, thump, wound



 

thweresaiti [thwares], to cut off, to destroy, mereńcaite [mareńc], to kill, to smite, to destroy, irish [-], to kill, wound; to destroy or kill by wounding, îzhâ [-], sacrifice, milk offerings, wish, desire; abundance, prosperity, comfort; food, ýasna [-], sacrifice, worship, prayer (Avestan)


koštâr, کشتار  slaughter, keštán, کشتن  to annihilate, slaughter, kill, boridan, بریدن, to cut,   cidan, چیدن, to crop, cut down, pick, dispose, nip,  qat' kardán, قطع کردن, to cut, cut off, axe, shear, etc.,  zadan, زدن to cut, beat (Persian)


სასაკლაო, sasaklao, to slaughter, მოკვლა, mokvla, to kill, შემცირება, shemts’ireba, to cut down,  ცემა, ts’ema, to beat, (Georgian)


#urb-, to kill (Urartian)
u(r)b-, slaughter, ašh-, to sacrifice, zašg-, to kill, #ub-, to kill , id-, to beat, crush (Hurrian)

karašű, to slaughter, palāqu, to slaughter, to run through  (with a sword or other weapon), to bore, to pierce, perforate, naksu, slaughtered, ripped, felled, cut off, nakāsu, to slaughter, to kill, cut off, to be slaughtered, to sever, to rip a garment, to diminish in the size of real estate, pulluqu, adj., slaughtered, šagāšu, to slaughter animals, to slay in battle, to murder, strike down, etc.,      šaggaštu , slaughter, massacre, murder, šaggaštu, in ša šaggašti, man commiting violence, šaggāšu,  murderer, šaggāšű, murderous, *adu, in adumma epēšu, to kill, dâku, to kill a person or animal, murder, execute, break a tablet, etc., maqātu, to kill animals in the hunt, defeat an enemy to fall down, etc., nēru, to kill, to slay, hit, strike, etc., ṭerű, to beat, strike, diku, killed, slain, etc., qatālu, to kill, slaughter, cause to slaughter, kilullű, massacre, nakādu, to beat, palpitate, to cause concern, naű, to beat, to be beaten, *naű, adj., beaten, niűtu, beating, niűtu, beating, hitting, tatiptu, sacrificial slaughtering    (Akkadian)