Indo-European Table 1, Etruscan Phrases, with Indo-European cognates

7/16/06 Etruscan Phrases – Etruscan etymological relationships to other Indo-European languages; Proto-Indo-European (PIE): Indo-European, Table 1, Section 1A.1 Indo-European words as they relate to Etruscan – based on the Etruscan_Phrases vocabulary.
Copyright © 1981-2006 Mel Copeland. All rights reserved.

Etruscan_Phrases

 by Mel Copeland

(from a work published in 1981)

Table 1, Section 1A.1: Indo-European words as they relate to Etruscan. Notes: *Armenian W = West Armenian; E = East Armenian.

Sanskrit

Avestan & Armenian

Slavic & Baltic

Greek & Albanian

Latin

other

English

Etruscan

kuJcikA [f], a key

kelid, hangâm, key
(Persian)

kluc [m], key (Belarus)

kleidi, key (Greek)
celes, syc, hapës,
grep, kunj, zgjidhje,
person,
kyc; key,
kyc, mbyll, to key
(Albanian)

clavis-is [f], a key

agoriad-au [m], key, opening, to open
allwedd-i-au [f], key,
cleff, legend; cywair,
to order, key, tune,
repair [in musical
sense] (Welsh)
chiave [f] (Italian)
clé or clef [f] (French)

key [<OE caeg]

chiafe, Script VF-3; Note 3)

x

ka, kahe, who
(Avestan)
ke, ce kasi, who;
ke, kodâm,
which;
ce,
kodâm, ânce,
what; ke, conj.,
ke,
ân, pron., that
(Persian)

chto, pron. who;
cyj, pron. whose;s
to, pron., what
heta, pron., it,
that; hety, pron. =
toj, this, that
(Belarus)

to opoion, whom;
ti, poios, poia,
poio, what (Greek)
cilit, kujt, cilin, kë,
i cili, që, whom;
cfarë, c, sa, adj.,
përvec se, conj.
what (Albanian)

qui, quae, quod,
interrog., adj.; exclam.;
indef., any, some;
relat. who, which,
what, that

chi, who, whom,
whose, he who, they
who, etc. (Italian)
qui (French)

who, which what,
that

ci, Script Z290,
Z1282, Z1310,
Z1438, Z1654,
TC327, K136, AJ-9,
R108

kas

ka, kahe, who
(Avestan)
ke, ce kasi, who;
ke, kodâm,
which;
ce,
kodâm, ânce,
what; ke, conj.,
ke,
ân, pron., that
(Persian)

chto, pron. who;
cyj, pron. whose;s
to, pron., what
heta, pron., it,
that; hety, pron. =
toj, this, that
(Belarus)

to opoion, whom;
ti, poios, poia,
poio, what (Greek)
cilit, kujt, cilin, kë,
i cili, që, whom;
cfarë, c, sa, adj.,
përvec se, conj.
what (Albanian)

qui, quae, quod,
interrog., adj.; exclam.;
indef., any, some;
relat. who, which,
what, that

pwy, sawl, a, who;
pa, a, which; a, hwnnw
(honno [f]), that; hwn
(hon [f]), this; beth,
pa, what (Welsh)
chi, who, whom,
whose, he who, they
who, etc. (Italian)
qui (French)
kuis (Hittite)

who, which what,
that

KI, Script Z1161,
M67, M78;
Ki, Script Z29,
Z489, Z665, Z709, J
11, M74, AE-1, AN
5, AN-55, R13,
R108, R164, G9;
Ki, Script Q21, M13, M74

caks, caSTe, cakSate (
ti), to see, look at,
consider, announce,
declare, tell, say
behold, view, call by
name, name, explain,
cause to appear; ketay,
-yati, summon, invite;
cyu, cyavate (-ti), to
move, stir, waver,
shake, escape, flow,
vanish, pour out,
loosen, drop down,
follow

bâng zadan,
xândan, telefon
kardan;
farâxândan, to
summon;
nâm [n],
nâmidan, to name
(Persian)

abjasniac, v. imp.,
abjasnic, v. perf.,
to explain;
rastlumacyc, to
explain; tlumacyc,
explain (Belarus)

kinoumai, kino,
move; diefkrinizo,
clarify; klitevo,
kalo, summon
(Greek)
bëj thirrje, ftoj në
mbledhje, thërras,
thërres, ftoj në gjyq
summon; kulloj,
quartësoj, clariify
(Albanian)

cieo, ciere, civi, citum

croywi, to clear,
clarify, freshen;
egluro,to make clear,
explain, clarify,
elucidate, exemplify,
illustrate; esbonio, to
explain, expound,
comment (Welsh)
chiarire, to clarify,
explain (Italian)
expliquer, to explain
(French)

to move, stir,
excite, summon,
call by name, name

cia, Script
Z54, Z681, M74,
Q326, Q458, J29;
kian, Script TC190
ciem, Script Z1088,
Z1097, K67

pAda [m], foot, leg,
foot as a measure,
column, pillar, ray,
beam; zAkhA [f],
branch, limb, arm, leg,
finger, ramification

pâ, pâye, leg
(Persian)

naha [f], leg
(Belarus)

podi, leg (Greek)
këmbë, këmbëz,
protezë, fazë,
pjesë, leg
(Albanian)

cicur-uris, tame; crus,
cruris
, the shin, shin
bone, leg;
pes, pedis [f], the foot

coes-au [f], leg, shank
(Welsh)
zampa, leg (Italian)
gigot [m], leg of lamb;
pied [m], foot, leg
(French)

leg of lamb? tame?

kikoi, kikui, (kikvi),
Script M78
This word is probably KI KV

adman [n], food; azitra
[n], food;
aza [m],
food; kSu [n] food,
ghasi [m], food;
rabdhA [f], food

xorâk, food; xorâk,
parvares, parvâr,
nourishment
(Persian)

jeza [f], food
(Belarus)

trefo, trefomai,
trofi, feed (Greek)
haje, ushqim,
artikuj ushqimor,
tëngrëna, food;
mbaj gjallë, ushqej,
to nourish
(Albanian)

cibus-i [m]; pascare, to
feed

bwyd -dd [m], food;
lluniaeth [m], food,
nourishment, diet,
repast; porthiant
(porthiannau) [m],
food, sustenance,
support, forage;
ymborth [m], food,
board, diet, fare,
repast, provisions
(Welsh):
cibo [m] food; cibare,
to feed to take
precaution [f], caution,
(Italian)
nourrir, to feed;
nourriture [f],
aliment
[m], food (French)

food [<OE foda],
fodder [<OE
fodor],
nourishment
[<Lat. nutrio-ire]

ciba, civa (cifa),
Script, Z648;
cibas, civas (cifas),
Script AN49

x

kasi, anyone; har
ciz
, har kâr,
anything (Persian)

niejki, pron.
anyone, certain (Belarus)

opoiosdipote,
anyone; otidipote,
kati, anything
(Greek)
ndonjë, ndokush,
anyone; dicka,
cfarëdoqoftë,
gjithcka, gjësend
(Albanian)

quilibet, quaelibet,
quodibet [subst.
quidibet]

neb [m], anyone, no
one, nobody, none,
nonentiy; unrhywun
[m], anyone (Welsh)
chiunque, qualcuno,
chicchessia (Italian)
quelqu'un, anybody
(French)

anyone, anything?

cilba, cilva (cilfa),
Script Z1310

x

x

x

x

x

x

name, Cilen? See CILeR below

CILEN, Script PL-3, PL-34
CILENI Script, PL-22

tvar, tvarate (-ti, to
hasten, hurry,
accelerate, snatch
away; cud,
codati, -te,
to impel, incite, urge,
hasten, speed, procure,
request, command

setâbândan,
tond sodan,
to accelerate
(Persian)

chutki, sparki,
adj., quick, rapid,
fast (Belarus)

epitachyno,
accelerate;
biazomai, hasten
(Greek)
nxitoj, ngut,
shpejtoj, nxitohem,
ngutem, to hasten
(Albanian)

celo-are

chwimio, to move, stir,
accelerate; cyflymu,
accelerate, speed;
brysio, ffrystio, to
hasten, hurry;
clau, adj. quick, swift,
fast, soon; chwim, adj.
nimble, quick, agile
(Welsh)
accelerare, to accelerate
(Italian)
rapid, prompt, swift
accélerer, to accelerate;
ciller, to blink (French)

to make quick
[<OE cwicu, alive],
accelerate [Lat.
accelero-are],
hasten [<OFr.
haste, of Gmc. orig]

CILeR, Script,
Z317, Z386, Z470,
Z701, Z1006,
Z1065, Z1662,
Z1800;
CILeRII, Script
K79;
CILeReS, Script
Z290, Z872, Z937,
Z999, Z1386, Z1807

nirvyUDhi, f. issue,
end, top, summit;
zikhara, m. peak, top,
summit; agra, front,
top, summit;
beginning, the highest
or best of anything

barezimanãm
[barez], high,
exalted (Avestan)
nok, setiq [n], sar
zadan, to peak
(Persian)

najvysejsy, adj.
top, biggest,
tallest (Belarus)

koryfi, summit
(Greek)
majë,
kulm, pik
(Albanian)

cacumen, culmen, apex

copa-u -on [m], top,
apex, crest, summit,
head; gwarthaf [m],
top, summit (Welsh)
beann [m.] (Scott)
cima [f] (Italian)
cime [f] (French)

top, summit, peak [< OE pic, a sharp point?]

kim, Script Z1607
kimi, Script Z591;

x

x

x

monstër (Albanian)

chimaera-ae [f]

chimère [f] (French)

Chimaera

KIMeR, Script
Z1203, Z1562, K131

agnisAt, adv. into fire;
{-kR} burn;
vahvisAtkR, to burn,
cremate;
uS, oSati &
uSNAti
, burn,
consume, destroy,
punish;
Asa [m],
ashes, dust; bhas,
bhasi, ashes

xâkestar sodan,
suzândan, to
incinerate;
suzândan, suxtan,
to burn;
xâkestar,
ash [n] (Persian)

palic, vi. imp.,
spalic, v. perf.,
burn; spazyvac, v.
imp. spazyc, v.
perf., to consume
(Belarus)

apotefrono,
incinerate; kaio,
kaiomai, burn
(Greek)
djeg, shkrumboj, to
incinerate; digjem,
marr flakë, djeg,
consumoj, vë
zjarrin, ndez ndrit,
ndris, përvëloj, to
burn (Albanian)

incendo-cendere-cend
census; cinis-eris
[m],
rarely [f], ashes;
ceno-are, to dine

brydio, to burn,
inflame, boil, throb;
ennyn, to kindle,ignite,
burn, inflame, excite,
foment; llosgi, to burn,
scorch, smart; lludu
[m], ashes, ash
(Welsh)
incindiare, to set fire
to;
cenere [f], ashes
incendier, to set fire to;
cendre [f], ashes
(French)

to burn [<OE
beornan &
baernan], incinerate;
ashes [<OE asce];
to dine?

cina, Script TC46, N41, N491, N543, N573, N598, N615, N647, N689, N711, Q435, Q422, Q481
cinas, Script N11
cine, Script N139
cini, Script R447
cino, cinu (cinv),
Script
N53,
N216, N483,
N624, Q84, Q127,
R370, R447, R607.
R619, Aph-7?
cinus, cinus (cinvs),
Script
N230, N244
See Note 1)

kas

ke, ce kasi, who;
ce kasi râ, be ce
kasi, whom; az âne
ke, ke az âne u,
whose; darun,
andarun, tuye,
adv., darun
andarun, prep.
(Persian)

chto, pron. who;
cyj, pron. whose;
pron., what
heta, pron., it,
that; hety, pron. =
toj, this, that
(Belarus)

o opoios, poios,
who; poiou, tinos,
poianou, tou
opoiou, whose; ti,
poios, poia, poio,
what; opoiosdipote
anybody (Greek)

cilit, kujt, cilin, kë,
i cili, që, whom;
cfarë, c, sa, adj.,
përvec se, conj.
what (Albanian)

quis, quid; pron.
interrog. who? what?
which? indef. anyone,
anybody, anything;
cis, prep., with acc. on
this side of, within

pwy, a, sawl, who;
beth, pa, what; pa, a, which; mewn, ymhen, within (Welsh)
chi, rel. pron. who,
whom, whose; he, she,
they who; whoever,
whomever, one who;
entro, within
(Italian)
qui, interrog. pron.
who? whom? rel. pron.
who, which, that,
whom;
dans, within
(French)
kuis, who (Hittite)

cis – who, whom,
whose, what,
which, anybody?
kis – within?

cis, Script Q117, Z606, Z614, Z622, Z629, Z638, Z776; MS13
CiS, Script K79
kis, Script Z84, Z103, Z255, Z300, Z369, Z396, Z880, Z953

rathin, going in a
carriage, carriage or
cart; charioteer [m]
rathary, ratharyati, go
in a chariot;
vAhin,
moving on a carriage, a
wagon, chariot [f], an
army or division of an
army; anas [n], cart,
heavy wagon

ratha [-] m.
rathaêshtar
[-],
warrior,
charioteer
(Avestan)
kâleske, rahbare
varzesi, âmuzgâr,
coach;
gâri, cart
(Persian)

autokar, dylizans,
korepetytor, powoz,
trener, trenowac,
udzielac korepetycji,
wagon (Polish)
samachod,
awtamobil [m], car
(Belarus)

amaxa, coach;
karo, cheiramaxa,
cart (Greek)
koci, vagon, wagon (Albanian)

cisum-iam, chariot,
light two-wheeled
vehicle;
carrus-i; wagon;
currus-us [m] chariot,
racing car

cerbyd-au [m], chariot,
coach, car;
cert-i [f],
cart (Welsh)
cairt [f] cartach,
cartachean
, cart; carbad
[m] carriage, chariot
(Scott)
cocchio [m] chariot,
coach (Italian)
char [m], coche [f],
coach (French)

chariot, light two
-wheeled vehicle,
cart, [<ON cartir] coach coach [<Hung. kocsi],

cisum (cisvm) Script
Z84, Z111, Z214,
Z308, Z378, Z455,
Z953, Z1057; See
carra

caks, caSTe, cakSate (
ti), to see, look at,
consider, announce,
declare, tell, say
behold, view, call by
name, name, explain,
cause to appear;
ketay,
-yati
, summon, invite;
ir, irte, irayati,-te, to
bring forth, raise the
voice, utter, proclaim,
cite, procure, obtain

bâng zadan,
xândan, telefon
kardan;
farâxândan, to
summon;
nâm [n],
nâmidan, to name
(Persian)

klikac, v. imp.,
kliknuc, v. perf.,
to call (Belarus)

klitevo, kalo,|
summon; diegeiro,
erethizo, exapto,
excite; efesi,
efesiballo, appeal
(Greek)

bëj thirrje, ftoj në
mbledhje, thërras,
thërres, ftoj në gjyq
summon; kulloj,
quartësoj, clarify
(Albanian)

cito-are, to put in
motion, excite, start
up, summon, call
forward, esp. for
military purposes;
hence to appeal to,
point to authorities

dyfynno, to cite,
quote, summon;
gwysio, to summon,
convene, convoke,
evoke (Welsh)
citare (Italian)
citer (French)

to summon; with
a suffix / ephitet
perhaps containing
the names of
persons or things:
lav, lo, lov, lop?

See cita, below

cit lav (citla8),
Script N324
cit lo (cit lv), Script
Q202, Q229
cit lov (citlv8)
Script N-1
cit lop (citlvp),
Script N31; see
cita

caks, caSTe, cakSate (
ti), to see, look at,
consider, announce,
declare, tell, say
behold, view, call by
name, name, explain,
cause to appear;
ketay,
-yati
, summon, invite;
ir, irte, irayati,-te, to
bring forth, raise the
voice, utter, proclaim,
cite, procure, obtain

naql kardan, to
quote; irâd kardan,
taqdir kardan
(Persian)

cudzyslow, cytat,
cytowac
, przytaczac,
wymieniac, quote
(Polish)
klikac, v. imp.,
kliknuc, v. perf.,
to call (Belarus)

paratheto, klitevo,
anafero, cite
(also, see above,
Greek)
citoj, hap thonjëza,
përmend, caktoj
vlerë, to quote;
citat [n], quote
(Albanian)

cito-are, to put in
motion, excite, start
up, summon, call
forward

dyfynno, to cite,
quote, summon;
gwysio, to summon,
convene, convoke,
evoke (Welsh)
citare (Italian)
citer (French)

to quote [<Lat.
quotus-a-um, of
what number], sue,
summon; define
[[Lat.
definio-ire, to
limit, bound, mark
out]

cita, Script J54
citi, Script Z439,
Z421
cito (citv), Script
Q512, Q543, Q692,
Q775, Q795, Q821,
R437, R499
citho (cithv), Script
Q806

x

harke, whoever;
har ânce, harce,
whatever;
hicgune, harce,
ânce, whatsoever
(Persian)

x

opoiosdipote,
whoever; otidipote,
whatever (Greek)
cfarëdo, cilido, adj.,
aspak, fare, adv.,
sidoqoftë
(Albanian)

quivis, quaevis,
quidvis; adj. quodvis

chinunque, whoever;
qualunque, whatever
(Italian)
quinconque, celui, qui,
whoever (French)

whoever,
whatever,
whatsoever?

citves (citfes),
Script Z937

daNDaka [m], stick,
staff; zamyA [f], staff,
peg, prop, stay,
certain measure of
length; rambha [m],
prop, support, staff;
laguDa [m], club,
cudgel; gadA [f], mace,
club; lakuTa [m], a
club

kârkonân,
kârmandân, staff;
cowgân, gorz,
bâsgâh, club
(Persian)

kadry [pl.,
stastaw [m], staff
(Belarus)

prosopiko,
epiteleio, rabdos,
staff; leschi,
syllogos, somateio,
club (Greek)
stap, dërrasë fucie,
stave, comange,
dajak, shkop,
topuz, cudgel
(Albanian)

clava-ae [f]

ffon [f], stick, staff,
cudgel; paladr
(pelydr) [m], ray,
beam, staff, stem
(Welsh)
clava [f], club (Italian)
bâton [m], staff; trique
[f], gourdin [m], cudgel
massue [f], club
(French)

staff, [<OE staef], cudgel [OE cycgel], club [<ON klubba]

clav (cla8),
Script Z1334, R542

kuJcikA [f], a key

kelid, hangâm, key
(Persian)

kluc [m], key (Belarus)

kleidi, key (Greek)
celes, syc, hapës,
grep, kunj, zgjidhje,
person,
kyc; key,
kyc, mbyll, to key
(Albanian)

clavis-is [f], a key

agoriad-au [m], key, opening, to open
allwedd-i-au [f], key,
cleff, legend; cywair,
to order, key, tune,
repair [in musical
sense] (Welsh)
chiave [f] (Italian)
clé or clef [f] (French)

key [<OE caeg]

cle, Script K74, K92
clev (clef), Script
Z681
cleva (clefa), Script
Au82
cles, Script Q737,
BS-21

x

x

x

x

x

x

personal name?

clenar, Script AF-1
CLENaRON
(CLENaRVN)
,
Script K64

x

x

x

x

x

x

personal name?

clensi, Script AL-1

suketu adj., very
bright;
bRhaddyuti
adj., shining bright;
ketumant, adj., bright,
clear; virociSNu, adj.,
shining bright; dIdi,
{dIdyati}, to shine,
gleam, be bright or
visible, please;
las,
lasati
, to gleam, glance,
sound forth, appear,
rise, shine, glitter

tâbidan,
deraxsidan, to
shine; rowsan,
deraxsân, âftâbi,
adj. bright
(Persian)

bystry, jaskrawy,
jasny, pogodny,
sprytny, bright
(Polish)

lampo, gyalizo,
lampsi,
gyalisma,
stilboma, shine;
aktida,
lampsi,
aktinobolo,
lampo,
gleam (Greek)
fërkoj, shkëlquej,
feks, ndricoj,
farfurit, ndrit,
shndrit, shouhem;
to shine; dritë,
lustër, ndricim,
shkëlqim, shine [n]
(Albanian)

clareo-ere, to be bright,
to shine; transf. to be
evident, distinguished;
adj.
clare, clearly,
brightly, distinctly;
luceo, lucere, luxi, to
be bright, shine, glitter,
clear, evident

disgleiro, to shine,
dazzle, glare, glitter,
glisten, irradiate; heulo,
to shine, to shine like
the sun;
llewyrchu, to
shine; tywynno, to
shine;
claer, adj. clear,
bright, shining; llachar,
adj., bright, brilliant,
flashing, dazzling,
luminious;
gloyw-on,
bright, clear, shinny,
glossy;
pefr, adj.
radiant, bright,
beautiful; trybelid, adj.
bright, brilliant
(Welsh)
lucidare, brillare, to
shine (Italian)
briller, luire, to shine;
éclairer, to shine on;
clarté [f], light,
clearness, brightness,
gleam (French)

to be bright [<OE
beorht], shine [<OE
scinan]; evident,
distinguished;
glare
[<ME glaren]; to
glow [<ME
glowan], glisten
[<OE glisnian],
amp

cleri, Script Z317,
Z380, Z960, Z1006,
Z1065, Z1801
CLeRII, Script
TC28

x

x

x

kafaz,thurimë,
trinë,
trellis; grilë,
skarë, grating
(Albanian)

clatri-orum [m., pl.]

gradell (gredyll) [f],
griddle, grill, gridiron;
gril [m], grill (Welsh)
graticcio [m], trellis
(Italian)
trellisser, to [make a]
trellis (French)

trellis [Lat. trilix,
woven with three
threads]; grating,
grate, grill [<Lat.
cratis, wickerwork]

kletra, Script Q342
kletram, Script Q342
cletram, Script Z-1,
Z-5, Z29, Z155,
Z180, Z186, Z1021,
Z1846, Z1861
kletre, Script Q351

caks, caSTe, cakSate (
ti)
, to see, look at,
consider, announce,
declare, tell, say
behold, view, call by
name, name, explain,
cause to appear; kathanIya, to be told or named; gIta adj., sung, praised, named; khyAta adj., named, called, known, celebrated.

nâm [n], nâmidan,
to name (Persian)

nazyvacca, to be
called; nazyvac,
v. imp., nazvac, v.
perf., to call, name
(Belarus)

onoma, onomazo,
diorizo, name;
thema, proposition
(Greek)
emëroj, quaj,
caktoj, vë emrin,
them, përmend, to
be named; emër,
emërim,
titull,
fytyrë, mbiemër,
reputacion, familje,
person i njohur, fis,
name [n]
(Albanian)

clueo-ire; am named,
called;
nomino-are, to
name, give a name, to
mention, speak about

enwi, to name, label,
instance, denominate,
nominate;
galw, to call,
name, dub, convene,
denominate, hail
(Welsh)
cloe, namely (Italian)
s'appeler, to be named,
called (French)
lamen, to name, call
(Hittite)

am named, called [<ON kalla]

clu (clf), Script AJ-9
clo (clv), Script
Au27; see
calo

khaJj, khaJjati, to limp

sal, lang, adj., to
limp, langidan
(Persian)

kulec, utykac,
utykanie, limp
(Polish)

koutsamara,
koutsaino,
cholaino, apalos,
malakos, pladaros,
xepsychismenos,
limp (Greek)
caloj, eci me
mundim, to limp;
caloj, pengoj, to
hobble (Albanian)

claudico-are, to be
lame, halt, waver

cloffi, to lame, halt,
cripple, founder, limp;
hercian, herci, to hop,
hobble, limp, bob;
honcian, honci, to
waggle, jolt, limp
(Welsh)
zoppicare (Italian)
clocher, (French)

to limp [<obsolete, limphalt, lame], hobble [<MDu. hobbelen]

CLOCeR
(CLVCeR)
,
Script Z834

zaGku [m.], a pointed
peg or wooden nail,
stake, pike, beam,
arrow, spear; vezI [f],
pin; ANi [m], the pin
of the axle-tree

nâxon, mix, cangâl,
nail [n]; suzan,
sanjâq [n], pin
(Persian)

gwozdz,
paznokiec,
przybijac
gwozdziami,
wbijac
gwozdzie, nail
(Polish)
spilka [f], pin
(Belarus)

karfi, nychi, nail;
karfitsa, karfitso,
pin (Greek)
gozhdoj, ngul një
gozhdë, ngul,
mbërthej, me
gozhdë, fiksoj, kap,
to nail;
kthetër,
thua, capua,
gozhdë, nail [n]
(Albanian)

clavus-i, [m], a nail,
spike; a stripe of
purple on tunics, worn
by senators & knights

hoelio, hoeli, to nail,
pin;
cethr-i-au [f], nail, spear (Welsh)
inchiodare (Italian)
clouer, to nail, pin
down (French)

to nail [<OE naegl],
spike [<ME spyk]

cloue, clove (clv8e),
Script N149

nirvahaNa [n], issue,
end, close; mukulay,
yati, to close;
supidhAna, adj., well
shut up; roddhavya,
adj., to be closed or
shut;
mil, milati, pp.
milita, to close the
eyes, wink; close,
shut, close up,
disappear, vanish

nazdik, tang, adj.,
bastan, bepâyân
rasânidan, to close
(Persian)

zakryty, adj.,
shut, closed;
zacyniac, v. imp.,
~nic, v. perf., to
close (Belarus)

kleio, termatizo,
close;
kleio,
kleistos, shut
(Greek)
myull, mbush, zë, i
jap fund, bie në
ujdi, mbyllem,
mbaroj, kap vlerën
[fin], përfundoj
(Albanian)

claudo, claudere,
clausi, clausum and
cludo
, to close, shut
up, make inaccessible

cau, cae, to shut, close,
enclose, fence,
barricade, block,
obstruct, clinch, furl,
fasten, lace (Welsh)
chiudere (Italian)
fermer, se
clore (French)

to close? bastion [<OFr. bastille, jail]

CLvTRA, Script
Z805

x

x

x

x

x

x

abbreviation of a
name

CN, Script Z190,
Z289, Z851, Z897, Z929, Z1168
Z1236, Z1359
Z1372, K107
K136, AJ-17

mA, mimIte,
{
mamAti, MAti, pp.
mita
} to measure,
build, erect,
apportion, fashion,
make, create, compose;
Ir, Irte, move, rise,
speak, cast, put
together, shape, create,
produce; vRt, vartate,
ti, vavartti, to revolve,
roll, go on, conduce or
tend to, have
intercourse with, lead a
life or exist {njIvitam},
overcome, escape,
{nis}, roll out, bring
forth, create, effect
perform, accomplish

âfarines, creation
[n]; sâxtan, dorost
kardan, âmâde
kardan, to make
(Persian)

tvaryc, v. imp.,
stvarc, v. perf., to
create (Belarus)

dimiourgo, idryo,
create; kamno,
kataskeyazo,
kavisto, anagkazo,
make (Greek)
krijoh, bëj, formoj,
i jap një titull,
shkaktoj, ngjall, to
create (Albanian)

creo-are

creu, cre, to create,
beget (Welsh)
creare (Italian)
créer French)
taks, to make (Hittite)

to make, create,
produce, elect to
an office; beget

cra, Script Z561
cre, Script Z412
cri, Script M67
kra, Script Z929?
kra, Script N476,
N533, N615
kre, Script N363,
N391,
N404, R426, R459,
R487
kri, Script Q253

pAtavya, to be drunk;
peya, to be drunk,
drinkable [n], drink,
beverage

x

drank, napoj, pic,
drunk (Polish)

methysmenos,
drunk (Greek)
i dehur, i pirë,
xurxull, drunk;
mashtrues,
rekrutues, crimp,
adj. (Albanian)

crapula-ae [f],
drunkenness, hangover

crebauchu, to shrink,
shrivel, wrinkle,
pucker, corrugate,
crimp;
crimpio, crimpi,
to crimp (Welsh)
arrricciar, to crimp
(Italian)
crépe [m], crape,
creper, to crimp;
crapule [f] debauchee
(French)

drunk [<OE
drinkan]
drunkennss?
[<ME
crimpen, to
wrinkle]?

crap, Script Z47,
Z155, Z206, Z245

sic, siJcati, -te, to pour
out, sprinkle, scatter,
water, irrigate, bleed;
asan [n], blood; asRj
[n], blood;
rudhirapAta
[m], flow of blood;
krUra, adj., bloody,
raw, sore; cruel, harsh,
dreadful. n. a wound or
sore; bloodshedding,
slaughter; cruelty,
harshness

xun, nezâd, blood
[n]; xun âmadan,
to bleed (Persian)

cholerny,
krwawy,
bloody (Polish)
kryvavic, to bleed
(Belarus)

aimasso, aimatono,
bleed; aimatodis,
aimatiros, palio-,
bloody (Greek)
gjakos, to bloody
(Albanian)

cruento-are, to bleed;
sanguis-inis [m] and
sanguen, blood; blood
relationship, race,
family, progeny, life
blood, strength, vigour

gwaedu, to bleed;
gwaedlyd, bloody
(Welsh)
sanguinare, to bleed;
sanguinoso, adj.
bloody (Italian)
saigner, to bleed;
sangiant, adj. bloody
(French)
eshar *(Hittite)

to make bloody
[<OE blod],
stain with blood

krove (krvfe),
Script L-15

ekI kR to unite; {
bhU} become one;
yat, yatati, -te, to
unite, join, connect,
join oneself with,
meet, put in order;
bandh, badhnAti,
badhnIte
, to bind, tie,
attach, fix, fasten, join,
unite, bring together,
be connected with,
belong to

beham peyvastan,
yeki kardan,
hamânidan, to
unite;
hampeymân, ally
[n] (Persian)

skladac, v. imp.,
sklasci, v. perf. to
put together,
assemble;
jadnacca, to unite,
join together;
zlucacca, v. imp.,
zlucycca, v. perf.,
be united, come
together; zlucac, v.
imp., zlucyc, v.
perf., jadnac, v.
imp, to unite, join
(Belarus)

synathroizo,
synarmologo,
assemble; enono,
enonomai, unite
(Greek)
mbledh, montoj,
grumbulloj,
mblidhem, to
assemble; bashkoj,
grumbulloj, lidh,
shkrij, to unite
(Albanian)

coeo-ire; uniter, in one
together;
unitas-atis
[f], unity, oneness

vacca-ae, f. cow

uno-un, to join, unite,
affiliate, federate,
amalgamate,
incorporate; ymuno, to
join, unite (Welsh)
unire, riunire;
vacca, f. cow (Italian)
s'unire; réunire; vache, f., cow
(French)
gu, cow (Hittite)

to go or come
together, assemble,
unite,
combine [<Lat combinare],
form an alliance

cow? OE, cu

co (cv),
Script N280, Q488,
R142, R607, R661
ko (kv), Script
N206,
N689, N725, Q406,
Q887, R31, R80,
R607,
G30 – co and ko the
same word?

zapayitR
[m], cook;
sUpakartR
[m], a cook (soup
maker);
zA, to roast,
boil, cook, pp.
{zAta3} & {
zRta3}
(q.v.), {zapa3yati
te};
pac, pacati, -te, to
cook, bake, boil, roast,
burn (bricks),
{pAcayati-te}, cook
or cause to cook

âspaz [n], poxtan,
to cook (Persian)

gotowac, kucharka,
kucharz, kucharzyc
,
cook (Polish)
kuchar [m], cook
(Belarus)

mageirevo,
mageiras, cook
(Greek)
gatuaj, bëj gjellë,
nxeh, vë në zjarr,
sajoj [fig], to cook;
kuzhinier,
gjellëbërës, cook
[n] (Albanian)

coquo, coquere, coxi,
coctum
, to cook,
prepare food, burn,
think of, meditate

arlwyo, to prepare,
provide, cook;
coginio,
to cook; digoni, to
suffice, satisfy, cloy,
cook; bwyd [m], food
(Welsh)
cuoco, cuoca [m., f.]
cook;
cuccinare, to
cook (Italian)
cuisinier [m], chef [m]
cook;
cuisiner, to cook
gâteau [m], cake
(French)

to cook, a cook

coc (cvc)
Script TC201, N453
koce (kvce), Script
R530, R619,
kocer (kvcer), Script
N363, N391, R607
kokor (kvkvr),
Script N112

zyA, zyAyati, to
freeze, coagulate

yaxbastegi [n],
freeze; yax bastan,
to freeze (Persian)

krzenpnac,
zamarzac,
congeal (Polish)
marazjc, to freeze;
mierznuc, v. imp.,
zamierznuc, v.
perf., to freeze;
i.e., I am freezing
(Belarus)

eispratto, masevo,
collect; pagono,
pagoma, freeze
(Greek)
mpiks, ngrij,
ngurtësoj, to
congeal; i ngrirë,
adj. frozen
(Albanian)

cogo, cogere, coegi,
coactum,
to bring, or
drive, or draw to one
point, to collect, bring
close together,
compress, of liquids,
etc. to thicken, curdle

ceulo, to curdle,
coagulate, clot, congeal
fferru, to congeal,
freeze, numb, benumb,
perish with cold;
rhewi, to freeze,
congeal (Welsh)
congelare, to freeze,
congeal (Italian)
congeler, to freeze,
congeal, solidify
(French)

to bring to one
point, collect,
congeal [ <Lat.
congelo-are], freeze [OE freosan]

cokar (cvkar),
Script N63
coke (cvke),
Script Q406
coko (cvcv), Script
N1, N31
cogi (cvgi), Script
Q243

rathin, going in a
carriage, carriage or
cart; charioteer [m]
rathary, ratharyati, go
in a chariot;
vAhin,
moving on a carriage, a
wagon, chariot [f], an
army or division of an
army;
anas [n], cart,
heavy wagon

kâleske, rahbare
varzesi,
âmuzgar,
coach (Persian)

autocar, dylizans,
korepetytor,
powoz,
trener, trenowac,
udzielac
korepetycji,
wagon (Polish)
samachod,
awtamobil [m], car
(Belarus)

amaxa, coach;
aftokinito, car;
fortigo amaxi,
bagoni, wagon
(Greek)
koci (Albanian)

cisum-iam, chariot,
light two-wheeled
vehicle;
carrus-i; wagon;
currus-us [m] chariot,
racing car

cerbyd-au [m], chariot,
coach, car;
cert-i [f],
cart (Welsh)
cairt [f] cartach,
cartachean
, cart; carbad
[m] carriage, chariot
(Scott)
cocchio [m] chariot,
coach (Italian)
char [m], coche [f],
coach (French)

chariot, light two
-wheeled vehicle,
cart, [<ON cartir]
coach [<Hung.
kocsi],

cokie (cvkie),
Script Z59
See cisum

x

darice [n], ax toxm
darâmadan, to
hatch (Persian)

potomstwo, wylag,
wysiadywac jaja,
zamyslic sie
gleboko, brood
(Polish)

epoasi, klossisma,
klossopoula,
koutsoubela,
paidia, klosso,
epoazo, brood
(Greek)
bluaj me mendje
[fig.], ngroh vezët,
to brood; ngroh, rri
kllockë, nxjerr, to
incubate (Albanian)

incubo-are-ui-itum

deor, to brood, hatch,
incubate; epil [m],
offspring, brood,
progeny (Welsh)
covare, to sit on,
brood, harbor, chersih,
to smoulder embers
(Italian)
couver, to sit on
[oeufs], brood, hatch,
brew, smoulder
(French)

to brood, incubate

cov (cv8), Script
N607, R94, R128
covro (cv8rv), Script
Q202, Q224
See Note 2)

gala [m], throat, neck;
avaTu [m.f.], neck;
kR {kRNo3ti,
kRNute3, karo3ti,
kurute; karati, karti;
pp. krata3}, make or
begin something,
prepare or till, do
repeatedly; stambha
[m], post, column,
prop, support;
obstruction,
hinderance, arrogance,
haughtiness

kestzâr, kestokâr,
farm [n]; gardan,
gardane,
garib,
neck [n] (Persian)

hodowac, uprawiac, cultivate (Polish)

laimos, aychenas,
trachilos, neck;
kalliergo, cultivate
(Gerek)
grykë,
qafë, lëfyt,
jakë, krahinë, neck;
kultivoj, lëroj,
lëvrij, lëvroj, to
cultivate
(Albanian)

collum-i; neck; colo,
colere, colui,cultum
,
to cultivate

amaethu, to farm, till,
cultivate;
arail, to
guard, care for, foster,
cultivate; diwyllio, to
cultivate; colofn-au,
column, pillar, obelisk;
gwar-rau [m.f.], neck;
gwddf-au [m], throat,
neck; mwnwgl [m],
neck (Welsh)
coltivare, to cultivate
(Italian)
cultiver, to cultivate
(French)

neck? to cultivate
hoe [<OFr. houe, of
Gmc. origin],
inhabit, attend
to, honor, worship,
court;
column
[<Lat. columna-ae
[f], pillar, column],
pillar?

kolem (kvlem),
Script Z1600
KOLeN (KVLeN),
Script R114
KOLeRE (KVLeRE),
Script K64

x

hangâm, conj.,
pron., when;
cegune, raves, ce,
how, adv.; pas az,
az hangâmi ke,
adv., az hangâmi
ke, prep., since;
conânke, conj.,

mânande, prep., as
(Persian)

pakul, conj. as
long as, while,
when (Belarus)

kur, adv., kur,
ndërsa, conj., kohë,
[n]; cfareë, adv., sa,
conj., me kuptim,
si, në cmënyrë,
adv., how; që nga
ajo kohë, qysh
atëherë, adv.,
meqenëse, që kur,
që prej, conj., qysh
nga, që nga, prej.
prep, since
(Albanian)

cum [older version
quom]

pyrd, adv. pan, conj.
when; er, since, prep.,
pryd, adv., ers, wrth,
prep., since; er, serch,
although; fel, like, so,
as, that, thus, a+, as;
megis, conj. prep., as,
so as, like (Welsh)
come, adv. how, as,
like, as good as, as
soon as; conj. that,
how, why, as (Italian)
comme, adv. as, like,
how, in the way of,
conj. as (French)

when, whenever,
since, although, as

cum (cvm), Script
N378
kum (kvm), Script
N-1, N31, N149,
N184, N391, N417,
Q297, Q303, Q468,
Q871

dRbh, dRbhati, to
bunch together, string
together, connect,
compose, write;
rac,
racayati
{pp. racita},
produce, form, make,
contrive, arrange,
effect, compose, write,
invent; grath, granth,
grathnAti, to tie or
string together,
compose, write

tarkib, ensâ,
pasâzes,
composition
(Persian)

komponowac,
skladac, stanowic,
compose (Polish)

hartoj, përbëj,
composoj, krijoj,
faqos, rendit,
rendis, vendos,
rregulloj
, përgatit,
radhit, compose
(Albanian)

como, comere, compsi,
comptum
, to put
together, make tidy,
arrange, adorn; esp. of
the hair

cfansoddi, to compose,
constitute, compile,
indicate (Welsh)
disporrer, combinare,
to arrange;
comporre,
to compose (Italian)
arranger, to arrange;
compter, to reckon,
count, rely

compose, make
tidy, arrange

koma (kvma),
Script Q871, R294,
R633
komiav (kvmia8),
Script N505
komo (kvmv), Script
N748

atiloma, adj., too hairy;
romaza, adj., covered
with thick hair, very
hairy; vAlamaya, adj.,
made of hair, hairy;
lomavant, having hair,
hairy; romaNvant, adj.,
covered with hair,
hairy.

mu, gisu [n], hair
(Persian)

x

me flokë, leshtor,
leshatak, ivështirë,
shqetësues, i
rrezikshë,
rrëqethës, adj.
hairy (Albanian)

comatus-a-um

blewyn [m], hair;
blewog, gwalltog, adj.,
hairy, shaggy (Welsh)
pelo [m], hair (Italian)
cheviu, adj. (French)

hairy

comate (cvmate)
Script N378
komate (kvmate),
Script R306
komates kumates,
Script Q887
KOMATeS
(KVMATeS)
, Script
N748

sac, sacate, to be
united, have
intercourse with, be
attached or devoted to,
attend on, accompany,
follow, pursue; gam,
gacchati, -te, gamati,
ganti, to go, move, get
at, depart, die, explain,
take to wife, invent, go
after, observe, visit,
accompany

timâr, attendance
[n] (Persian)

supravadzac, to
accompany
(Belarus)

bashkërendis,
shoqëroj,
bashkërendit,
përcjell, to
accompany
(Albanian)

comito-are

hebrwny, to conduct,
convey, escort,
accompany, convoy
(Welsh)
accompagner (Italian)
accompagner (French)

to accompany
[<OFr.
accompagner]

komite (kvmite)
Script Aph-2

x

x

x

x

comminor-ari, to threaten

comminare, It. to comminate, threaten, Woe to you!

threatened, cursed

comni (cvmni), Script AR-2, SM-2,

divya, anything
heavenly, divine,
wonderful, splendid;
ordeal, oath;

zaminesâzi, sâxto
pâxt, hamvârsâzi,
conspiracy [n]
sowgand, peymân,
oath [n] (Persian)

konspirowac,
spiskowac,
conspire (Polish)

be, betim,
përbetim, sharje,
nëme, oath;
conspiroj, to
conspire;
complotoj, to plot
(Albanian)

coniuro-are, to take an
oath;
conspiro-are, to
blow or breathe
together; of
instruments to blow
together; to agree,
harmonize in opinion
and feeling; conspire

bradfwriadu, to plot,
conspire;
cynllwyn, to
plot, conspire,
intrigue, ambush, lurk,
beset; arfoll-au [m].
pledge, oath, welcome
reception; llw-on [m],
oath; mynd ar ei lw, to
take an oath (Welsh)
congiurare, to
conspire;
comploto, to
plot (Italian)
conspirer, to conspire;
complot, plot (French)

to take an oath,
conspire?

cona (cvna), Script
K32, K131
Kona (kvna), Script
Aph-3
cono eri (cvnv eri),
Script Z755, M8

nirukta, adj. uttered,
pronounced, declared,
explained,
etymological
interpretation

gozâres, tafsir,
interpretation [n]
(Persian)

byctlumaczem,
interpretowac,
tlumaczyc,
interpret (Polish)

interpretoj,
shpjegoj, luaj,
komentoj, përkthej
gojarisht, interpret
(Albanian)

conicio-icere-ieci
iectum
; interpres
pretis
, a negoitator,
mediator, messenger;
expounder, explainer,
prophet, prophetess,
interpreter

cyfieithu, to translate,
interpret, construe,
render; dehongli, to
interpret, construe,
decipher (Welsh)
interpretare, to
interpret (Italian)
interpréter, to
interpret (French)

to throw together,
cast lots; guess,
interpret dreams,
hurl, throw away

konikau (kvnikaf)
Script Q767, Q795,
Q805

prAcurya [n],
multitude, plenty;
visara [m], plenty,
abundance; saMdoha
[m], milking;
abundance, plenty;
saMnicaya [m]., piling
up, collecting; heap,
mass, plenty,
provision

farâvân, besyâr,
farâxi, plenty [n]
(Persian)

mnostwo, obfiosc,
wiele, plenty;
obfitosc,
abundance (Polish)

bollëk, begati,
abundance; me
bollëk, me
shumicë,
copious (Albanian)

cupo, copona, a small
shopkeeper or
innkeeper;
copia-ae,
plenty, abundance,
supplies, troops

abledd [m], ability,
abundance, plenty
ablwch [m], plenty;
gwala [f], enough,
plenty, full (Welsh)
copia [f], copy, plenty
(Italian)
copieux, adj. copious,
abundant (French)

copia, plenty [<Lat.
plenus-a-um, full,
complete, filled, well
-stocked],
abundance

kope (kvpe)
Script R653
kopi (kvpi), Script
N357
kopis (kvpis),
MS18

hrid, bukkA, [f], heart;
hRtstha, adj., being in
the heart;
buddhizuddhi [f],
purification of the
heart;
hArdvan, adj.
heart-comforting

del [n], heart
(Persian)
sirt, heart (Armen ian)

kier, serce, heart
(Polish)
sirdis (Lithuanian)

kardia (Greek)
gjoks, zemër,
kraharor, guxim,
kurajë, shpirt, mes,
heart (Albanian)

cor, cordis

asgre [f], bosom, heart
bryd-iau [m], mind,
heart, will; calon-nauf
[f], heart, core (Welsh)
cuore [m] (Italian)
coeur [m] (French)
kart-(Hittite)

heart [<OE heorte]

kor (kvr),
Script Au43

AdhI, [f], thought,
care; cintana [n],
thinking of,
consideration,
reflection; care for;
Adhi [m], thought,
care, woe, sorrow;
sacanasy, -syate,
to show tenderness or care

negahdâri,
parastâri, parvâ,
care [n]; darmân
kardan,
behbudi
dâdan, to cure;
senâ [n], senate
(Persian)

dbac, opieka,
ostroznosc,
troska, troszczyc,
sie, care (Polish)

kujdesem, kam
kujdes,
interesohem, dua,
dëshiroj, pyes,
shqetësohem, to
care, këshill i
universitetit,
senat,
senate [n]
(Albanian)

curia-ae, senate or
meeting place of the
senate;
curo-are, to
care for, pay attention
to

cur-iau [m], throb,
ache, pain, beat, care,
trouble; gofal-on [m],
care, charge, concern,
cure;
senedd-au [f],
senate, parliament
(Welsh)
curare, to care for;
curia [f], curia (Italian)
guérir, to cure, to heal
(French)

to care for, the
curia,
senate?

koraia (kvraia),
Script R-3
kore (kvre), Script
N31
core (cvre), Script
Z92
koreia (kvreia),
Script Q21

pramiti, [f], correct
notion, true
knowledge or
inference; prApta,
arrived at; valid,
correct; zudh, zundh,
pp. zuddha; refl.
{zu3dhyati (-te)} to
become purified,
justified; purify mend,
purge, correct, try
improve, restore

dorost, correct,
adj. (Persian)

karac, korygowac,
poprawic,
poprawny,
prawidlowy,
correct (Polish)

korrigjoj, ndreq,
luftoj,
rregulloj,
kuroj,
qortoj,
ndëshkoj, to
correct (Albanian)

corrigo-riger-rexi
rectum

ceryddu, to correct,
chastise, punish,
rebuke; cywiro, to
correct, amend, revise,
rectify, make good, set
right, emend (Welsh)
correggere (Italian)
corriger (French)

put straight, set
right, reform,
correct, amend

KOReK (KVReK),
Script Z1250
KOReG (KVReG),
Script R359

jaitrayAtrA [f],
triumphal procession;
yAtrin, being in a
march or procession;
vah, vahati, -te,
conduct, carry an
oblation, draw a
wagon, guide the
horses, lead a wife
from her father's
house, transport,
guide, drive

reze [n], reze
raftan, to parade
(Persian)

pochod, procesja,
procession
(Polish)

kortezh, vargan,
procesion,
procession
(Albanian)

pompa-ae [f]; also
currus-us [m];
ostentatio-onis [f],
showing off, revealing,
display

gorymdaith,
procession (Welsh)
corteo, processione
[m] (Italian)
cortége, procession
[m] (French

procession, train,

[<Lat. processus-us,
advance] parade
[<Lat.
aparo-are, to
prepare]

cortus (cvrtvs),
Script R229

AdimUla, [n], the first
cause; kisalay,-yati, to
cause to sprout or
germinate

angize, sabab,
bahân, cause [n]
vânemud kardan,
bahâne kardan, to
pretend (Persian)

blagac, bronic
sprawy,
usprawiedliwiac
sie, plead; roscic
pretensje,
stwarzac posory,
symulowac,
udawac, pretend
powod,
powodowac,
proces,
przyczyna, skrot
od, sprawa
sadowa, cause
(Polish)

bëj gjoja, shtirem,
hiqem,
pretendoj,
përpiqem, provoj,
to pretend; arësye,
shkak, arsye,
kauzë, cështj, cause
(Albanian)

causor-ari

achos-ion [m], cause,
affair, behalf; haeru, to
affirm, assert, allege,
insist; honni, to assert,
allege, profess,
pretend, assume,
purport (Welsh)
causa [f], cause
(Italian)
cause [f], cause (French)

to give as a reason,
plead,
pretend
[<Lat.
praetendo
tendere -tendi
tentum
, to stretch or
hold out, assert,
allege, hold out as a
pretext]

coso (cvsv),
Script TC127,
TC241, TC271, TC279, TC307;
AM-3
cosor (cvsvr), Script
TC56, TC161,
TC179
cosos (cvsvs), Script
TC283

x

x

x

x

x

x

personal name?

kotev (kvte8),
Script N63, N500,
N529, N553, N598,
N632
kotep (kvtep),
Script N21

melayati; mil, milati, to
meet, assemble, join,
come together

... hãm ... jas
(Avestan)
savâr kardan, joft
kardan, to
assemble;
nâmzadi,
bekârgomâstegi,
engagement
(Persian)

skladac, v. imp.,
sklasci, v. perf.
put together,
assemble (Belarus)

synathroizo,
synarmologo,
assemble;
prosymfono,
engage (Greek)
mbledh, assemble;
angazoj, engage
(Albanian)

coeo, ire, ivi, itum

cynnull, to collect,
gather, assemble,
compile, convene,
muster (Welsh)
cruinnich, va.
(Scott)
riunire, radunare,
montare (Italian)
assembler, ajuster,
monter, se réunire
(French)
tarupp- (Hittite)

to go or come
together,
assemble [<OFr.
assembler]; of
enemies, to
engage [<OFr.
engager]

cu (cf), Script Z234,
Au76, Au86;
cua (cfa), Script Z1,
Z656, Z784, Z1183;
cue (cfe), Script
Z180, Z336, Z1137,
Z1236, J18, Au35,
Au49.
cuer (cfer) Script
TB-1

lal, lalani (-te), to
sport, dally, play,
caress, fondle, cherish,
love; prajuSTa (juS,
juSate, -ti), to delight
in, fondle, caress,
cherish

navâzes kardan,
nâz kardan, to
fondle; parvardan,
gerâmi dâstan, to
cherish (Persian)

milowac, zywic,
cherish; piescic,
fondle (Polish)

chaidevo,
skythropiazo,
agapito oikiako
zoo, orgi, peisma,
pet (Greek)
ledhatoj, përkëdhel,
to fondle; dua fort,
mbaj gjallë, ushqej,
to cherish
(Albanian)

foveo, fovere, fovi,
fotum

ymserchu, to cherish, dote (Welsh)
accarezzare to caress,
cherish (Italian)
choyer (French)

to fondle, pet,
cherish [<OFr. cherir]

kua (kfa), Script
Z19, Z40, Z191,
Z674, Z1250,
Z1607, Z1623;
kue (kfe), Script Z29, Z40

see Etruscan sta;
shataM, hundred

see Etruscan sta;

saite [sata]
satem,
hundred (Avestan)
sad, adj. [n], hundred (Persian)

see Etruscan sta;
setka, sto, hundred (Polish)
sto, hundred
(Serbo-Croation)
simtas (Lithuanian)

see Etruscan sta;
hekaton, hundred
(Greek)
njëquind, hundred,
quind
(Albanian)


centum, hundred

see Etruscan sta;
cant (can) cannoedd,
cantoedd
[m], hundred
(Welsh)
ceud hundred, (Scott)
kant, hundred (Breton)
cento (Italian)
cent, hundred (French)
känt, hundred
(Tocharian)

hundred?
see Etruscan sta;

cueto (cfetv)
Script Z1137

x

x

x

x

culina-ae, f., kitchen, menton. food, fare

cucina, f., kitchen, cuisine (Italian)
cuisine, f., kitchen (French)

kitchen, menton, food, fare

culan (cflan), Script
PL-23
kulin, (kflin) L-7

x

x

x

x

Dione-es and Diona
ae,
goddess Venus or
mother of Venus

x

goddess Dione?
probably Rio ne

Dione (Divne),
Script M8

x

x

x

x

debeo -ere -ui -itum, to owe; with infinit. to be indebted

dovere, It., to owe:
devoir, Fr., to owe

to owe; this word appears to be A BiR (a bere) See BeRe

DeBiR,
Script MS18

as

hacâ (Avestan)
az
(Persian)

iz, od (Serbo
Croatian)
ad (Belarus)
od, welug, z, z
powodu, from
(Polish)
at; with dat./ accus., iz
(Baltic-Sudovian)

apo (Greek)
prej, nga, sipas
(Albanian)

e, ex

gan (chan), with, by,
of, from, because of
(Welsh)
as, out of (Scott)
eus (Breton)|
da, sin, per (Italian)
de, per (French)
eri, from, out of
(Lycian)

from [<OE from]

e, Script Z64, Z289,
Z317, Z386, Z1600,
Z1641, Z1615,
TC56, TC61,
TC127, TC307,
K58, Au99, M78,
N294, Q11, Q21,
Q33, Q107, Q253,
Q263, Q335, Q521,
Q661, Q726, Q754,
Q784, Q805, R22,
R270, R511, R596,
Au74, Au82, Au99,
L59, L65, TC120,
Aph-3
ecs, eks – See below

ed

x

x

blepo, antikryzo,
paratiro, behold
(Greek)
shoh [vjet.], vë re
[vjet.], behold
(Albanian)

en! ecce

wele, behold!, lo!
gweld, to see, behold,
perceive (Welsh)
ecce! (Italian)
voyez, voici! (French)

behold [<OE
behealdan]?
ec, Script Z103
ek, Script Q674

vaDabA [f], mare;
maya [m], horse;
mayI, [f] mare

mâdiyân (Persian)

klacz, mare
(Polish)

alogo, hippos, horse
(Greek)
pelë, mare
(Albanian)

equa-ae [f], mare:

equus-i (equos and ecus, old form), horse

caseg [f] (Welsh)
cavalla, giumenta [f]
(Italian)
jument [f] (French)
asu, aswa, horse (Hittite):
yakwe, horse (Tocharian)

mare?

eca, Script M74
ece, Script Q95,
Q127, Q139

niSkrAnta, adj. gone
out; exit; parAyaNa
[n], departure, last
way or exit, final end
or aim

birun, xoruj, exit
[n] (Persian)

ujscie, wyjscie,
wylot, exit
(Polish)

exodos, exit
(Greek)
dal, dal nga skena,
ik, to exit; dalje,
ikje, portë, exit [n]
(Albanian)

exeo-ire-li (ivi)-itum

mynediad allan, [n],
egress, exit, exodus,
issue (Welsh)
esce, uscire, to exit
(Italian)
sortir, to exit (French)

to go ou, exit, go
away, go forth,
pass from state
to state?

ecs, Script M60
eks, Script R164,
G-1,
Z1334

mRgy, mRgyati, hunt,
search; ci, {cike3ti},
{cinoti}, {cinute}
{cayate}, to observe,
perceive, notice, seek ,
seek, search for,
examine; rasavant
adj., juicy, savoury;
pithy, strong; graceful,
elegant

delpasand, nâzok,
nafis, exquisite [n]
(Persian)

wyborny,
znakomity,
exquisite (Polish)

eklektos, leptos,
exairetos, exquisite
(Greek)
i hollë,
elegant, i
mprehtë, therës,
exquisite
(Albanian)

ecquid or ecqui;
exquiro [quaero]
quirere-quisvi
quistum
, to search for,
look for, ask for; to
search through; hence
part.,
equisitus-a-um
sought or worked out,
choice, exquisite

coeth, adj. fine,
refined, cultured,
elegant, exquisite;
odiaeth, adj. excellent,
exquisite; rhagorol, adj.
excellent, splendid,
admirable, exquisite
(Welsh)
squesito, exquisite
(Italian)
exquis, adj. exquisite
(French)

at all? to search
through?, exquisite?,
not
un-couth,
unrefined [OE
uncuth, strange]

ekci, Script R325

x

x

x

x

x

x

Eph, goddess of
the earth opposed
to the celestial and
infernal regions

Eph, Script TC242,
Q360, Q376, Q767,
Q806, Q899, R164,
G-1

bhAS, bhASate

sarh, bayân, zand,
explanation [n]
(Persian)

wyjasnic,
wytlumaczyc,
explain (Polish)

anaptysso,
ektheto,
exigo,
expound (Greek)
parashtroj,
shpjegoj, expound
interpretoj,
shpjegoj, sqaroj,
shtjelloj, to explain
(Albanian)

effor (ecfor) -fari
fatus
; to speak out,
expound;

eveho-vehere-vexi
vectum, to carry out or
up, of ships to sail
away, of riders to ride
away

exbonio, to explain,
expound, comment
(Welsh)
esporre, to expound
(Italian)
expliquer (French)

to speak out,
expound [<Lat.
expono -ponere
posui -positum
, to
cast out, expose a
child; display, set
forth, exhibit,
explain]

ef, Script Aph-22;
efa, Script Z1274
efas, Script Z446?
efe, Script Z1161
efi, Script N149;
efis?, Script S-50

khan, khanati, -te, dig,
dig up, dig round,
delve, bury; dhA,
dadhAti, dhatte;
dadhati, -te, to put,
set, lay, bring to, bear,
cover, shut up,
conceal, bury

bexâk sepordan, to
bury (Persian)

niesc,
podtrzymywac,
przeniesienie,
przeprowadzic,
wozic, zasieg,
carry; pochowac,
pogrzebac,
zakopac, bury
(Polish)

thabo, bury;
meta
fero, carry
(Greek)
shtie në gropë,
varros, gropos,
fsheh,
fus, rras, to
bury (Albanian)

effero (ecfero), efferre,
extuli, elatum
; pass.
efferri, to be born out,
buried;
effio-are, to
bury; everro -verrere
everi -versum, to
sweep out, plunder

claddu, to bury,
entomb, inter; golo, to
conceal, bury (Welsh)
sepellire, sotterrare,
sprofondare,
nascondere, to bury
(Italian)
enterer, to bury
(French)

to carry out, bring
out, esp. to carry
to the grave,
bury [<OE byrgan]

eferei, Script M78

chRd, chRNatti, to
pour out or upon,
eject, spue, vomit,
pour upon, fill; vam,
vamiti, vomit, spit out,
give, cause to vomit;
naSTi [f], loss, ruin;
nyartha [n],
destruction, ruin;
dhvR, dhvarati, to
bend, cause to fall, to
ruin

siyâr, gowdi,
groove [n]; birun
kardan, birun
andâxtan, to eject;
tabâhi, virâni [n],
virân kardan, to
ruin (Persian)

rowek, zlobek,
groove;
demolowac,
rozwalac,
demolish (Polish)

ektopizo, dislodge;
ekballo, eject;
katerdafizo,
demolish; ereipio,
katastrofi, ruin
(Greek)
largoj, zhvendos,
heq [dike], dislodge
heq, nxjerr, gufon,
derdh, to eject;
fundos [fig],
shkatëroj, fik,
rrënoj, prish, to
ruin; hap
kanal, to
groove (Albanian)

everto-everti-vertere
verti-versum, dislodge,
eject, demolish, ruin

cafnio, to hollow out,
scoop, gouge; andwyo,
to spoil, ruin, undo,
harm, mar; bwrw allan,
to eject, emit, exclude,
expel; syflyd, to
budge, stir, move,
dislodge (Welsh)
scanalare, to groove
espellere, to eject;
rovinare, to ruin
(Italian)

évider
, to hollow out,
to groove, to cut away
(French)

dislodge, eject,
demolish, ruin

efeti, Script Z701
efetsum (efetsvm),
Script Z812

x

x

x

x

eviscero-are

x

to tear in pieces,
disembowel

EFISXeR, Script
DM-8

ujjh, ujjhati,to forsake,
leave, give up, avoid,
escape; tyaj, tyajati,
leave, abandon, spare,
avoid, shun

parhixtan, parhis
kardan, to shun
(Persian)

stronic, unikac,
avoid (Polish)

apofevgo, to avoid
(Greek)
mënjanoj, largoj,
shmang, anuloj
[drejt.], shfuqizioj
[drejt.], to avoid
(Albanian)

evito-are; evidents
entis
, visible, clear,
plain, evident;
vitare,
to avoid

gochel, gochelyd, to
avoid, shun, avert,
beware, eschew, evade;
golaith, to avoid, evade
ymogel, beware, avoid
(Welsh)
evitare, to avoid,
refrain from;
evidenza
[f], evidence (Italian)
éviter, to avoid, shun;
évidence [f], evidence
(French)

to avoid, shun

efiti, Script M19
efitus, last word on a
statue of an augur, Script HA

DhAla [n], shield;
carman [n], skin,
leather, hide, shield;
phalaka [f], tablet,
board, the palm of the
hands, shield

separ, shield [n],
panâh dâdan, to
shield (Persian)

ekran, ekranowac,
shield (Polish)

prostasia, aegis (Greek)
mburojë, shqyt,
ekran mbrojtës,
parapirtë, shield;
mbroj, ruaj, to
shield

aegis-idis [f]

aes, astalch (estylch),
tarian-au [f], shield
(Welsh)
difesa, shield;
difendere, riparare, to
shield (Italian)
boucilier, shield [m]
défendre,
protéger,
blinder, to shield
(French)

aegis or shield [<OE
scild], esp. that of
Jupiter or
Minerva; bulwark;
target [<OFr.
targe,
light shield]

egis, Script R661

x

x

x

x

Euan or Euhan, name of Bacchus

x

name of Bacchus? check phrase

eun (efn), Script
M45

aka, [n], not joy,
sorrow, woe

parisâni, nâle, woe
(Persian)

ach, och, oh
(Polish)

symfora,
dystychia, thlipsi,
woe (Greek)
mjerim, fatkeqësi,
woe (Albanian)

ai! oh,!, ei, woe!

och! woe (Welsh)
ehi!, hey!; ei, pers.
pron. he, they (Italian)

woe! [<OE wa!] an
interjection of grief

ei, Script Z192,
Z446, Z1430, Q21,
R5, R100, R349,
L31, L65, Au22

caT, caTati, happen,
take place, arrive, get
to or into, go away,
disappear, drive away,
expel

siyâr, gowdi,
groove [n]; birun
kardan, birun
andâxtan, to eject;
tabâhi, virâni [n],
virân kardan, to
ruin (Persian)

wyprchnac,
wyrzucic, eject
(Polish)

ektopizo, dislodge;
ekballo, eject
(Greek)
largoj, zhvendos,
heq [dike], dislodge
heq, nxjerr, gufon,
derdh, to eject
(Albanian)

eico-icere-ieci-iectum

bwrw allan,
to eject, emit, exclude,
expel; (Welsh)
espellere (Italian)
éjecter (French)

to throw out, cast
out,
eject

eic, ScriptQ551
eice, Script Z981,
eik,? Script Q433,
R22, R114

anantatA, [f], anantya
[n], endlessness,
eternity

abdadiyat,
bikarâni, zamâne
bikarâne, eternity
[n]; zamâne
zendegi, lifetime
[n] (Persian)

wiecznosc,
eternity; sredni
czas zycia, zycie,
lifetime (Polish)

aionios, eternal;
isobios, lifetime
(Greek)
i përjetshëm, i
përhershëm i
patundshëm,
eternal (Albanian);

aevus-i

einioes [f], hoedl-au
[f], life, lifetime;
oes
oedd-au
[f], age,
ifetime; byth-od [m],
tragwyddoldeb,
eternity (Welsh)
eternita [f] (Italian)
éternité [f] (French)

eternity [<Lat.
aeternitas-atis [f],
eternity], lifetime,
eon [<Gk. aion]

eifi, Script Au22

x

xodas, xodas râ,
himself, herself,
pron. (Persian)

on sam, osobiscie,
sam, siebie, sobie,
himself; osobiscie,
sama, sie, siebie,
sobie, herself; ono
samo, osobiscie,
sie, siebie, we
wlasnej osobie
(Polish)

ai vetë, vetë,
himself;
ajo vetë,
veten [e saj], vetes
[së saj], vetë,
herself (Albanian)

eum, eam, id, acc.

ei ('i, 'w), his, her, its,
hun -hunan, self
(Welsh)
(Italian & French): see
a, te, ti

himself, herself,
itself?

eim, Script Z180,
Z347, Z1027

hvu, hvute, to conceal
from, refuse, deny,
satisfy, apologize,
expiate, hide; sidh,
sedhati, -te, to drive
off, scare away, keep
off, prevent, forbid,
refuse, deny

enkâr, nakirâyi,
denial [n] (Persian)

odmowic,
zaprzeczyc, deny;
(Polish)

aparnoumai,
apokiritto, disown
(Greek)
mohoj, bëj hasha,
nuk e njoh si timen,
zhbirëroj, disown
(Albanian)

eiuro and eiero-are

diarddel, to expel,
excommunicate,
disavow, disclaim,
disown, eject,
repudiate, ostracize;
gwadu, to deny,
disown, disavow,
disclaim, renounce (Welsh)
rinnegare, ripudiare,
disown (Italian)
désavouer, nier, renier
(French)

to refuse or deny
an oath, in gen. to
give up,
disown
[<OE agen, to own]

eis, Script Z272,
Z446, Z561, Z1088,
Z1192, Z1292,
Z1393, Z1688, M19
eiser, Script Z357,
Z396, Z405

x

u, vey, ân, he, she;
ân [n], pron. it;
ânân, isân, they,
pron.; isânrâ, be
isân, be ânhâ, them
[n] (Persian)

ona, pron. she; on,
he;
ono, to, it; one,
oni, they; ich, im,
je, them; go, jego,
jemu, mu, him; ja,
jej, her; (Polish)

ai, pron. he; ajo,
pron. she; ai, ajo,
atë, ky, kjo, pron.
it (Albanian)

hic, ille, is, he; eius,
illius, her; hic, haec,
hoc; it, is, ea, id; ille,
illa, illud, they

e (o, fe, fo, ef, efe, efo,
efo), he;
he; hi, she; ei
('i, 'w), hi, it; hwynt,
they, them; nhw
(hwy), they, them; ill,
they (before a number)
(Welsh)
ella, pers. pron. she; il,
def. art. m. sing. the;
egli, he (Italian)
elle, elles, pron. she,
her, it; pl. they, them
il, ils, pron. he, it, pl.
them, them (French)

personal pronoun,
she, her, it, they,
them; he, it, they,
them

el, Script Z776, K-1,
G-1;
il, Script, J-1

x

x

x

x

Alexander-dri

x

Alexander, another
name of Paris of
Troy

Elchintre, Script
DM-8

x

x

x

x

Helena-ae

x

Helen (of Troy)

Elinai, Script
DM-8

arh, arhati, to deserve,
merit, be worthy to,
honor or present with

bedast âvardan,
farâham kardan,
sezâvâr budan, to
earn (Persian)

zarabiac,
zaslugiwac, earn;
(Polish)

fitoj, meritoj, to
earn; i
merituar,
deserved
(Albanian)

emereo-ere-ui-itum

elwa, to gain, profit,
benefit, earn; ennill, to
win, gain, earn, acquire
(Welsh)
guadagnare, acquistare,
meritare, to earn
(Italian)
gagner, acquérir,
mériter, to earn
(French)

to obtain by
service, earn
completely, to
deserve well of a
person; milit. to
earn pay, to serve,
finish one's time

EMeR, L20

pratyAdeza [m],
direction, order,
command, repudiation,
putting to shame or
confusion, warning,
caution

âgâhânidan, âgâh
kardan, to warn
(Persian)

ostrzegac,
uprzedzac, warn
(Polish)

proeidopoio, warn
ostraki, to banish
(Greek)
késhilloj,
paralajméroj,
njoftoj
paraprakisht, to
warn; i larté, i
shquar, eminent
(Albanian)

emoneo-ere

rhybuddio, to warn,
admonish, caution;
siarsio, to charge,
enjoin, warn (Welsh)
emanare, to issue, to
diffuse, issue from
(Italian)
emmener, to take
away, lead away,
eminent (French)

to warn

emone, emune
(emvne)
, Script
Q452, Q683, Q726,
Q745
emones, emunes
(emvnes)
, Script
Q661, Q737, Q745,
Q854

x

andar, dar, tu, in,
prep. (Persian)

cal, na, szczegoly,
w, w ciagu,
wewnatrz, w
srodku, za, in
(Polish)

mesa, in (Greek)
brenda,
, mé, me
[ményré], ndér, per
in, prep.
(Albanian)

in, in, into, etc.; en
(sometimes em!)
behold!

i mewn, i mewn i, in;
mewn, in, in a, within
yn (ym, yng), in, at
(Welsh)
in, prep. in, at, to,
within, into, with, by,
inside, on, upon,
against
en, prep. in, into, to in
the, in a, at, of, by,
like, while (French)

in, into, on to,
towards, against,
until for, in turn,
in, on, among, in
at, within, in the
case of, without

en, Script N123,
K36, K52; HA-1; See Note 4)

x

x

x

x

en (sometimes em!)
behold!

contemplare, guardare
(Italian)
regarder, voyez!
(French)

behold!

en, Script N123,
K36, K52; HA-1; See Note 4)

prajAta, adj. born [f],
having born; ghAtay,
yati (-yate), to punish,
slay, kill, destroy,
impede, disappoint,
slay, beat, vex, afflict

kostan, to kill;
zâyide sode, adj.
born;
xastegi,
farsudegi, keses,
exhaustion [n]
(Persian)

zabic, kill;
urodzony, born
(Polish)

exantlo, exhaust;
prokypto, rise;
gennisi, born;
tyranno, basano,
torture; skotono, kill
(Greek)
i jap fund; vras,
heq, démtoj,
zhduk, shuaj,
rrézoj, shkatérroj,
to kill; i lindur, i
konceptuar, i
sajuar, born
(Albanian)

eneco (enico)-necare
necui-nectum
; to kill,
wear out;
enascor,
nasci, natis
, to grow
out, spring forth, arise

codi, to raise, lift,
exalt, erect, heave, rise,
arise, accrue;
dyrchafael, to rise,
ascend;
geni, to be
born, bear; lluddedu, to
tire, weary, exhaust,
fatigue, jade; lladd, to
kill, slay, slaughter, cut
(Welsh)
nato, adj. born, arisen,
risen (Italian)
naissance [f], birth,
extraction, beginning,
rise (French)
kwen, to kill (Hittite)

to kill off, to wear
out,
exhaust,
torture; to grow
out, spring forth,
arise?

enac, Script Z681
enak, Script Z160;
enek, Script Q396

ativartana, palAyana,
[n], paribhraMza [m],
escape; prasaraNa [n],
running away, escape;
palAy, -yati, to run
away, escape

goriz, rahâyi, adj.,
[n], escape
(Persian)

mukt, escape
(Baltic-Sudovian)

drapetevo,
drafargo, evade;
drapetevo,
diafevgo, drapetefsi,
diafygi, escape
(Greek)
arratis, ik,
arratisem, më del,
shpëtoj, shmangem,
rajdeh, escape
(Albanian)

eno-are, to escape (by
swimming);
fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum, to flee

coedio, to timber, beat,
club, escape, run
away; dianc (diengyd),
to escape, flee, bolt,
abscond, decamp
(Welsh)
sfuggire, vt; evitare
(Italian)
s'echapper, éluder,
éviter (French)

to escape [<ONFr. escaper]

ena, Script Z1628
enas, Script Z144,
Z245, Z272, Z300,
Z327, Z396, Z470,
Z1326, Z1571
ene, Script Z709?,
N357
eno, enu (env),
Script N112, N139,
N173, N206, N216,
N230, N244, N363,
N391, Q202, R294

x

x

x

x

x

x

Eioneus (Ixion), Greek mythical hero

Enai, Script MS-1

suketu adj., very
bright;
bRhaddyuti
adj., shining bright;
ketumant, adj., bright,
clear; virociSNu, adj.,
shining bright; dIdi,
{dIdyati}, to shine,
gleam, be bright or
visible, please;
las,
lasati
, to gleam, glance,
sound forth, appear,
rise, shine, glitter

tâbidan,
deraxsidan, to
shine; rowsan,
deraxsân, âftâbi,
adj. bright
(Persian)

blask, blyzzczec,
polysk,
shone,
swiecic, shine
(Polish)

lampo, gyalizo,
lampsi, gyalisma,
stilboma, shine
(Greek)
fërkoj, shkëlqej,
feks, ndricoj,
farfurit, ndrit,
shndrit, shquhem,
to shine; dritë,
lustër, ndricim,
shkëlquim, shine
[n] (Albanian)

enito-ere-ui

disgleirio, heulo,
llewyrchu, tywynno,
to shine (Welsh)
far risplendere,
lucidare, stolgorare,
brillare, to shine
(Italian)
briller, luire, cirer, to
shine (French)

to shine [<OE
scinan] out, shine
forth? probably en
tu

enit (M67)
ENiTO, (ENiTV)
,
Script
Q424

ativistara
adj. diffuseness,
prolixity; {-tas} at
large, in full detail.

xordekâri, detail
[n], sarh dâdan, to
detail (Persian)

wyjasnic,
wytlumaczyc,
explain (Polish)

exigo, epexigo,
explain (Greek)
shpall, parashtroj,
shqiptoj, to
enunciate
(Albanian)

enucieo-are

datgan, to declare,
announce, proclaim,
pronounce, express
enunciate, recount,
render; mynegi, to tell,
expredrss, relate,
declare, enunciate
(Welsh)
enunciare, to enunciate
enoncér
, announcer,
enunciate (French)

to take out of the
kernel; hence,
explain in detail

enok, enuk (envk),
Script
N700, N738,
R212

Us [f], dawn, morning

bâmdâd,
pisaznimruz,
morning [n];
sepidedam, pagâh,
dawn [n]; rowsan
sodan, to dawn
(Persian)

poranek, rano,
morning (Polish)

avgi, ximerono,
dawn (Greek)
mëngjes, agim,
morning (Albanian)

Eos, eous-a-um,
belonging to the
morning, or eastern

bore-au [m], morning,
forenoon; cyfddydd
iau [m], daybreak,
dawn; dyddhau, to
dawn (Welsh)
matino, matina,
morning;
alba [f], dawn
(Italian)
matin [m] morning
aube [f], dawn
(French)

goddess of the
dawn [<OE dagian],
Eos, sister
of an ancient sun
god, Helios;
morning
[<OE morgen]

Eos (Evs), Script
Q253, Q263

x

x

szpieg,
szpiegowac
,
spy (Polish)

paratiro, tiro,
observe (Greek)
spiunoj, përgjoj, to
spy;
spiun,
përgjues, spy [n]
(Albanian)

speculor-ari, to watch
out for, spy, watch

fforio, to explore, spy,
scout;
sbio, ysbio to
spy (Welsh)
spiare, to spy (Italian)
épier, to spy upon,
watch out for, to
watch
(French)

name of Etruscan
child-like god, Ep,
Epe? To
spy [<OFr.
espier, to watch; of
Gmc. origin]?

ep, Script Z421,
R72
Epe Or, (VR)
Script DM-1.
Divine_Mirror.html
See Note 2)

char.h, to wander

sargardân budan,
âvâre budan,
gastan, to wander;
qalat, error
(Persian)

lutati, wander,
zalutati, err
(Serbo-Croatian)
wedrowac, wander
bladzic, mylic sie, err (Polish)
chiba [f.] (Belarus)
apjat, kurt,
wander;
kliuda,
error
(Baltic-Sudovian)

periplanomai
lathemenos,
mistaken (Greek)
gaboj, to err;
endem, to wander
(Albanian)

erro-are'

erado-radere-rasi-rasum, to scratch out, destroy, get rid of;
Erato, the Muse of lyric and love poetry

amryfuso, to err,
blunder; camgymrd, to
make a mistake, err;
cyfeiliorni, to err,
stray (Welsh)
amhairc, amharc, va.
look, observe;
amharus-uis,
suspicion, doubt,
mistake (Scott)
error [m], fault, error;
errare, vi.to err; vagare,
vi. to wander (Italian)
erreur [f] error; errer,
to err, to wander
(French)

to wander, stray,
rove; wander
over, waver, to err,
be mistaken;

er, Script R22, L38
err, Script Z103,
Z897

ere, Script Z945,
N700, Q500, Q683
eres, Script N505,
N533, N607, N638
Eria, Script R499
(appears to be a
name, either Eria or
Peria; see Note 3)
erato (eratv), Script
N74
ero (erv), Script
N87, Q209, Q488,
R56, R188, R212,
G21

kala, the right or
proper time, hour, age,
era, time as a ruler

âqâze târix, dowre
[n], era (Persian)

era, era (Polish)
gadine, era
(Baltic-Sudovian)

epochi, periodos, era
(Greek)
erë, epokë, era
(Albanian)

tempus-oris, era, age;
era-ae [f], mistress,
ady

cyfnod-au [m], period,
era (cariadferch [f],
sweetheart, mistress;
meistres-i [f], mistress,
dame, madam, matron
(Welsh)
era [f], era; signora [f],
mistress (Italian)
ère [f] (era; madame
[f], mistress French)

era [<Lat. aera,
counters], age,
epoch [<Gk.
epokhe, pause];
mistress
[<OFr. maistresse],
lady

era, Script Z64,
TC56, N254, Q543
eras, Script Z446,
Z1591, Z1861
Eraia, Script N333
(possibly a name;
Note 1)

x

x

x

x

erga

circa, vers (Italian)
autour, vers (French)

about, towards

erce, Script BS-18

mi, minoti, minute, to
establish, build, erect,
measure, observe, set
up, dig in, fix

râtsodegi, pâye,
setânde, erection
[n] (Persian)

budowac, prosty,
stojacy, usawic w
pozycji pionoej,
wyprostowany,
wznosic, erect
(Polish)

lathemenos,
mistaken (Greek)
krijoj, ngre, montoj,
ndërtoj, to erect
(Albanian)

erigo-rigere-rexi
rectum
, to set up,
place upright, erect,
raise; milit. to march a
body of soldiers up a
height

adeiladu, to build,
construct, erect, edify
(Welsh)
eriger, to wander;
eretto, to erect (Italian)
érriger, to erect
(French)

to err, wander? to
erect?

erek, Script Q335,
Q512, Q534, Q661,
Q813, Q908, R72,
R80
eric, Script Z144,
Z969, Z1016,
Z1065, Z1832,
TC38

x

x

x

Erinyes (Greek)

Erinys-yos [f], one of the Furies; plur. Erinyes; transf. a curse

x

the Furies, Greek
Erinyes, female
spirts who took
revenge against
offenders against
blood kin. The
case of Orestes is
an example. Often
employed as a
curse

Ereni, Script Z1146,
Z1378

pravaNa, slope, steep
descent, precipice,
gulf, depth

sarâzir, sarâsib,
tond, steep, adj.
[n]; sib, sarâsibi,
slope [n] (Persian)

moczyc, stromy,
urwisty, steep
(Polish)

apotomos,
krimnodis, steep
(Greek)
futje, rrëpirë, steep
[n] (Albanian)

praeruptus-a-um,
praecepts-cipitis,
arduus-a-um, adj.,
steep

dringfa, dringfeydd [f],
ascent, climb; esgynfa,
esgynfeydd [f], ascent,
rise; gorifyny [m],
ascent, hill, steep
climb; rhiw-iau [f], hill,
acclivity, ascent
(Welsh)
erta [f] ascent, erto,
steep, sloping, pp. of
ergere, to raise, scarpata, cliff (Italian)
escarpé, steep (French)

ascent [<Lat.
ascendo -scendere
scendi -scensum
],
slope [<ME
sloping],
steep [<OE
steap,
lofty], towering

erti, Script R87
erto, ertu (ertv),
Script M78

maMh, maMhate,
maMhayati
to grant, bestow, w.
{vi} distribute; diz,
dideSTi, dizati, -te,
exhibit, show, order,
assign, transfer,
designate, distribute,
prophesy

paxs, towzi',
distribution [n]
(Persian)

decentralizowac,
rozdzielac,
rozpraszac,
distribute (Polish)

dianemo,
diamoirazo,
distribute (Greek)
hap, përndaj,
kategorizoj,
shpërndaj,
klasifikoj, ndaj,
grupoj, përap
[bojën], pjesëtoj, to
distribute
(ALbanian)

erogo-are

dosbarthu, to classify,
assort, dispose,
distribute, apportion;
rhannu, to share,
divide, distribute, talu,
to pay, expend,
recompense (Welsh)
erogare, to distribute,
deliver, (Italian)
débourser, to pay out
(French)

to ask for and
obtain, pay out
money from
public funds

erok (ervk), Script
Q351

zRGgAravant, adj.
erotic;
IzitR [m], lord,
master; vizvAdhipa
[m], the lord of the
universe.

âseqâne,
dosâramâne,
erotic, adj.
xodâvand,
farmânravâ,
sahryâr, lord
(Persian)

lord, pan, wladca,
lord;
erotyczny,
erotic (Polish)

agapo, agapi, love;
erotikos, erotic
(Greek)
dashuror,
erotik,
erotic;
feudal, zot,
anëtar i dhomës së
lordëve, zotëri,
burrë, lord
(Albanian)

erus-i, master, lord;
Eros, Latin Amor or|
Cupid

arglwydd-i, lord, baron
cun (cuniad) [m], lord
glyw [m], governor,
lord, muner [m],
rhi
[m], king, lord; udd
[m], lord; meistr
(meistar) [m], master,
boss (Welsh)
signore, padrone,
sovrano [m], lord
(Italian)
seigneur, maître [m]
lord, (French)

Eros, the god of
love? master,
owner,
lord [<OE
hlaford], sir [<Sire =
Lat.
senior, sensex,
senis, old, aged]?

Eros (Ervs), Script
N349, N357, N363,
N738, Q202, Q253,
Q762, Q863, R294,
R487, R530, R619
ERoS (ERvS),
Script Au62

x

x

x

x

herba-ae, herb, vegetation

erba, f. grass, herb (Italian)
herbe, f. (French)

vegetation, herbs?

erpis, Script PL-18

asmi (I am)
asi (you are)
bhuu (to be)

ah, ahi, astu,
ångha
(Avestan)

biti, vidi be,
e, jeste, is
(Serbo-Croatian)
byc (Polish)
byc, v. imp.
(Belarus)
ast, est-are;
butuni, but,
to be (Baltic
Sudovian)

eimai (Greek)
ekzistoz, to be;
jam (Albanian)

sum, esse,
fui, futurus

bod, to be, exist,
consist (Welsh)
bi, be; bhith,
a bhi, to be;
is, it is, is, are; tha and
thà, am,
art, is are
(Scott)
emañ [emaon,
emaout,
emaint]
(Breton)
essere (Italian)
être (French)
e (Lydian)

to be [<OE beon]

es, Script Z347,
Z439, Z470, Z561,
Z572, Z784, Z1027,
Z1378, Z1410,
Z1438, TC61,
N453, N469, N607,
N638, N676, N767,
Q46, Q202, Q209,
Q217, Q224, Q311,
Q543, R229, R619,
R661, K43, Pl-2
est, Q821, R65,
R459
este, Script N462
– see also sum, sim,
sunt

x

x

x

x

esca-ae [f], food,
victuals, esp. bait

esca [f], bait,
enticement, tinder
(Italian)
amorcer, to bait fish
(French)

esa, Script LS-4

lAGgala [n], plough;
kRS, karSati, -te, to
pull, tear, bend, bend a
bow, draw furrows,
plough

xis, plow [n],
soxm zadan, to
plow (Persian)

orac, plug, plow
(Polish)

skabo, dig (Greek)
lëroj, hap brazda,
plugoj, kridhem,
can [anija], rrëzoj
[gj.fol], to plow;
plug, plow [n]
(Albanian)

exaro-are

aradr (erydr) [f], plow
arddu, aredig, to plow
(Welsh)
arare, soicare, to
plough (Italian)
labourer, sillonner
[naut.] (French)

plough [<OE ploh, a
unit of land area] up,
dig up? write on
waxen tablets?

esari, Script Q863

azanAyAvant &
{azanA3yuka};
kSudhAlu
& {kSunmant} adj.
hungry; kSudh,
kSudhyati, to be
hungry

gorosnegi, hunger
[n], gorosnegi
kasidan, ârzu
kardan, to hunger
(Persian)

glodny, hungry
(Polish)

peinasmenos,
hungry (Greek)
kam
uri, vdes nga
dëshira për, vdes
urie, to be hungry,
(Albanian)

exeo-ire-li-[ivi]-itum;,
to go out, pass from
state to state;
esurio
ire
, to be hungry, long
for

newynu, to starve,
hunger, famish (Welsh)
affamare, aver fame;
agognare, bramare, to
hunger for Italian)
affamer, avoir faim, to
hunger (French)

to be hungry [<OE
hungor],
desire food, long for?

esuis (esfis), Script
Z206, Z255, Z369,
Z396, Z1049

aahR^i, ad

ad, franguharât
[fra-hvar]
(Avestan)
xordan, to eat
(Persian)

jesti, hraniti se
(Serbo-Croatian)
ate, jesc (Polish)
jesci, v. imp.,
zjesci, v. perf.
(Belarus)
estun, est; edais!
eat! edis, food
(Baltic-Sudovian)

trogo (Greek)
ha, kamsaije, lëpu
(Albanian)

edo, edere or ese, edi,
esum, esurio-ire

bwyta, to eat, mess
(Welsh)
ith, va. (Scott)
mangiare (Italian)
manger (French)
súwa (Tocharian)
at, ed (5) (Hittite)

to eat [<OE etan];
bite [OE bitan]

esi, Script Z537,
Z918, Z1203,
Z1282, Z1326,
TC38
eso (esv), Script
N74, Q887, R-1,
R100, R238, R286,
MS14

dhvani, dhvanii;
svana, svara

ostovâr, adj., âvâz,
navâ, ostovâr [n],
sound (Persian)

ispravan, valjan
zdrav
(Serbo-Croatian)
brzmiec, brzmienie,
caly, dzwiek, gleboki,
mierzyc glebokosc,
nienaruszony,
odglos,
rozbrzmiewac,
solidny,
sondowac,
wydawac glos,
zdrowy, sound
(Polish)
huk, sound;
hucac, to
sound (Belarus)
zadas, sound
(Baltic-Sudovian)

steno, sound;
tonos, tone
(Greek)
sonoj, to sound;
tingellim, tingull,
ton, sound
(Albanian)

sono, sonere,
sonui,
to sound; tono
are-ui-itum
, to thunder

lleiso, to sound, utter,
bawl; seino, to sound,
resound, enunciate;
swnio, to sound,
pronounce (Welsh)
fuaim-e, [m.] sound,
noise (Scott)
sondare (Italian)
sonoriser (French)

to sound,
tinkle [<ME
tyncien, to
make a metalic
sound]

esona (esvna), Script
N391, Q278, R22,
R31, R40
esone (esvne), Script
N87, Q278, R642
esones (esvnes),
Script R80

esono, (esvnv)
Script N74, N149,
Q351, Q893, R229,
R394

x

at (Avestan)
o, va, and, conj.
(Persian)

a, and, iloczym
logiczny,
i, and
(Polish)
be, ba (Baltic
Sudovian)

kai (Greek)
dhe,
e (Albanian)

et

a, ac (Welsh)
agus, is (Scott)
ha,
hag (Breton)
e, ed (Italian)
et (French)
-ke (Lycian)
-k (Lydian)

adv. also, even;
conj.
and [<OE and],
and indeed; in
narrative, and
then, and yet

et, Script N216,
Q701, Q745, R40,
R94, R128, R142,
R160, TC1, MS-1

AdimUla, the first
cause; rac, racayati,
produce, form, make,
cause, compose, write,
invent;
bhR, bibharti,
hold carry

frajasaiti [fra
jas] (Avestan)
angize, sabab,
bahân, cause [n]
farâvarde, produce
[n]; nesân dâdan,
to produce
(Persian)

bore, cierpiec,
niedzwiedz,
podpierac,
podtrzymywac,
rodzic, znosic, bear;
powod, powodowac,
proces, przyczyna,
skrot od, sprawa
sadowa, cause
(Polish)
prouzrokovati,
cause (Serbo
Croatian)
prycyna [f] cause,
reason (Belarus)

arkouda, fero,
basto, styrizo,
ypofero,
genno, to
bear;
parago,
proion, proxeno, to
produce;
aita,
aformi, cause
(Greek)
lind, pjell, give
birth; lind, jap, to
bear;
prodhoj, kam,
tregoj, to cause
(Albanian)

edo-edere-didi-ditum;
produco-ducere-dusi
ductum
, to bring
forward, bring out, to
produce;
causa [causa]-ae [f] a
cause in all senses of
the English word;
causor-ari, to plead,
pretend

achosi, peri, par, to
cause; planta, to beget
children;
cynhyrchu,
to produce, generate;
epilio, to bring forth,
breed, produce
(Welsh)
àlaich, va.
bear,
produce, bring forth,
multiply (Scott)
causere, to cause
(Italian)
causer, to cause
(French)

to give birth to, to
bear [OE beran],
cause, produce, put
forth, breathe
one's last, die;
generate [<Lat.
genero-are, to beget]

eta, Script N230,
N244, N254
etes, Script R251
eto (etv), Script
N74, N100, N149,
N160, N254, N404,
N417, Q65, Q84,
Q95, Q107, Q320,
Q326, Q355, Q396,
Q416, Q813, R49,
R248, R542

x

x

x

x

Etruria-ae, [f], district
in northwest Italy of
the Etruscans; hence
adj. and subst.
Etruscus-a-um

x

Etruria-ae,
Tuscany? Used in
the context of
ETR AMA,
"Etruria she loves"

etr, Script Q521

 Notes:

1) The word locations highlighted in blue involve an ephitet, with the word "I," ego (EKV). In the expression the ego is being acted upon.

2) It may be that the mother tongue of the Etruscans, French and Italians – and possibly their neighboring "Latin" tongues – is older than Latin. This word, along with others found in Table 1, may be an illustration of that fact. If Latin [in]cubare is equal to Italian covare and French couver, then the Etruscan word may be reminding us that in adapting the same word, the Latins added a prefix, "in" to the old "Etruscan" word. As with other words in this table, the French and the Italians maintained their identity. The word must be a very old Indo-European word, since its meaning includes to cover embers. Covering the embers, to brood them as it were, would appear to be a more important, early task realized by man than the knowledge of the importance of a bird brooding its eggs.
3) The character k is, a rarely used character in the scripts. The character is used again in a Villanovan fibula, Script VF, in the concluding word on the fibula, maximas, (Lat. maximus, great). The "f" in chiave, VF-3, is used again at VF-4, LAFES (Lat. laus, laudis).
4)
En appears to be the first word in a script written on the left hand side of a bronze haruspex (augur), Script HA of the Translation_Short_Scripts.html. The bronze is in the Vatican museum. "Behold!" would appear to be the appropriate context for the word.

5) Hittite language resource for second entry is http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/eieol/hitol-EI-X.html.


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