graahaan.h, things;
tya, def. pron. that
person or thing

ciz [n], thing
(Persian)

predmet, stvar
mariti, nevolja,
uzrok (Serbo
Croatian)
odziez, przedmiot,
rzecz, rzeczy,
sprawy, ubranie,
thing (Polish)
rec [f] (Belarus)

ypothesi, matter;
pragma, thing
(Greek)
gjë, fakt, send,
kushj, punë
(Albanian)

res, rei

peth-au [m],thing,
item; mater-ion [m],
matter (Welsh)
nì, pl. nithean, thing,
circumstance, affair
(Scott)
tra,-ou (Breton)
coso [m] (Italian)
chose [f] (French)
wramm (Tocharian)

thing [<OE thing],
object [<obicio
-icere -ieci, iectum,
to oppose], matter
[<Lat. materia-ae
and materies-ei [f]]

ri, Script Z54, Z144,
Z378, Z1615,
Z1787, J-11, Au28,
Au74, Au102,
AN20, N462, R31,
L44; MS13
rie, Script J19;
rii, Script K52, K79

x

x

x

x

regalis, regius-a-um,
of a king, royal,
regal, splendid

reale (Italian)
royal, adj. royal,
réel, adj. real
(French)

real [<Lat. realis], royal

rial, Script AM-8,
AR-4
rials, Script BS-15

sudhana, adj., very
rich; tilvila, adj.,
fertile, rich;
purUvasu, adj., rich
in goods.

tavângar, pormâye
gerânbahâ, rich, adj.
(Persian)

bogaty, gleboki,
pozywny, zyzny,
rich (Polish)

plousios, rich;
ploutos, periousia,
wealth (Greek)
të pasurit, pasanik,
rich [n] (Albanian)

dives-vetis, rich,
wealthy; rica-ae [f],
a veil

abl, adj. rich, well
off, sufficient; aelaw
[m], wealth (Welsh)
ricco, adj. rich (Italian)
riche, adj. rich
(French)
hap, wealthy, to
make a bargain
(Hittite)

rich, wealthy
[<OE rice, rich]

ric, Script Z308,
Z378, Z842, Z1352,
Z1825, Z1787, J-11,
Au28, Au74,
Au102, AN20,
N462, R31, L44
rica, Script TC190 –see rica below

znath (znathiti),
pierce, perforate,
push back, repel,
strike down

x

odpychac, repel
(Polish)

zmbraps, prapësoj,
zbyth, to repel
(Albanian)

reicio-icere-ieci-iectum

gwrthladd, to resist,
repel, combat
(Welsh)
respinger, ripugnare,
to repel, reject
(Italian)
repousser, rejeter, to
repel, reject (French)

to throw back,
throw behind,
drive off, reject

rica, Script TC190

rAj, rAjati, -te,
rASTi; to reign, rule,
direct, be master of,
shine, glitter, be
illustious or eminent

saxt, seft, rigid, adj
sarrâst, râst,
direct, adj.,
(Persian)

panowac,
panowanie,
prawidlo, przepis,
przymiar, regula,
regulamin, rzady,
rzadzic, zasada, rule
lider, prowadnica,
prowadzacy,
przewodnik, leader
(Polish)

archigos, leader
(Greek)
drejtues, kryetar,
dirigjent,
udhëheqës,
udhëzues,
kryeartikull, kalë
prijës, rol kryesor,
qen prijës, leader
[n] (Albanian)

rigo-are, to lead;
rego, regere, rexi,
rectum, to rule

lywio, to rule,
govern, direct, steer;
rheoli, to rule,
govern, control,
manage (Welsh)
rigare, to rule,
dirigere, to direct
(Italian)
rigide [f], rigid, firm,
strict, severe; diriger,
to direct (French)
tapariala, to rule
(Hittite)

rigid, to lead [<OE lead]; to rule?

rik Script AF-1
rike, Script Q460,
Q726, Q837
rikes, Script Q671,
Q737, Q745, Q754

ambu, Apas,
dhArya,
vAr [n], water; uda,
adj. water;
udavAha, bringing
water

âb[n], water
(Persian)

ociekac, podlewac,
poic, polewac,
woda, water
nawadniac,
przeplukiwac,
irrigate (Polish)

nero, potizo, water
(Greek)
ujit, i jap të pijë,
ujis, vadit, vadis,
holloj, me ujë, pi
ujë, lotoj, to water;
ujë, water [n]
(Albanian)

rigo-are, to water

dyfrio, to water,
irrigate (Welsh)
irrigare (Italian)
arroser, abreuver
(French)
watar (Gen. sing.),
wetenas, water;
warsa, dew (Hittite)

to water [<OE
waeter]

riges (RiGES),
Script Q854;
rigo (rigv),
Script R65;
ricu (RICF), Script
MS24

tand, tanda, to relax,
give way; zithilay,
-yati, to loosen,
relax; iyasy, -syate,
to shrink, relax,
dwindle

sost kardan, ârâm
sodan, to relax
(Persian)

odpoczac,odprezyc,
oslabic, zmniejszyc,
napiecie, relax
(Polish)

anapavomai,
chalarono, iremo,
relax; apalasso,
apolyo,
eleytherono,
apallagi, apolysi,
release (Greek)
liroj, lehtësoj,
zbutem,
dobësohem,
zvogëloj, clodhem,
to relax (Albanian)

rilassare

llacio, to slacken,
loosen, relax (Welsh)
rilassare (Italian)
relâcher (French)
lilai, to release
(Hittite)

relax [<Lat. relaxo
are], slacken,
weaken, release

RILiS, Script K52

vic, vinakti, to
separate, esp. grain
from the chaff; try,
examine; tul, tolayati,
to lift up, weigh,
examine, compare; ci
{cike3ti}, {cinoti},
{cinute} ({cayate}),
to observe, perceive,
examine, try

âzmâyes, bâzjuyi,
âzmun,
examination [n]
(Persian)

badac,
egzaminowac,
examine (Polish)

exetazo, examine;
controlloj,
ekzaminoj, këqyr,
marr në provim,
bëj provim, pyes
dëshmitari, to
examine (Albanian)

rimore-ari, to cleave
to, probe, pry;
examino-are, to
weigh, consider

profi, to prove,
demonstrate, taste,
try, examine probe;
holi, to examine,
inquire, ask, query,
question (Welsh)
examinare (Italian)
examiner (French)

to pry [<ME prien]
into, examine

rimat, Script TC327

rAj, rAjati, -te,
rASTi; to reign, rule,
direct, be master of,
shine, glitter, be
illustious or eminent;
virAji [f], queen,
deva [f], divine,
heavenly; queen,
princess; rAjan [m],
king, ruler

sâh, pâdsâh, king;
pâdsâhi, kesvar,
kingdom; sahbânu,
sahrbânu, queen
(Persian)

krol, king;
drolestwo, kingdom
(Polish)

basileio, kingdom
(Greek)
regjencë [n]
regency
regjent [n] [polit.]
regent[n];
mbretëreshë, damë,
matkë, parezë,
queen [n]; mbret,
car, king [n]
(Albanian)

regnum-i, royal
power; rego, regere,
rexi, rectum, to
guide, direct, rule,
govern; regius-a-um,
of a king, royal,
regal, splendid,
magnificent; regina
-ae, f. queen;
Rhenus-i [m], the
Rhine river

brenin (brenhinoedd)
[m], king, monarch;
rhi [m], king, lord;
brenhiniaeth [f],
kingdom; teyrnas
-oedd [f], kingdom,
realm (Welsh)
re, regno, m. king;
regina, f. queen;
regno, kingdom
reggere, to
reign (Italian)
reine, f. queen; règne,
m. reign; règner, to
reign, rule, hold,
sway, prevail; régir,
to rule, govern,
administer
(French)
nasusara, a queen;
tapariala, to rule
(Hittite)

queen [<OE
cwen], king [<OE
cyning], kingdom, to
rule; tyrant [<Gk.
turannos, ruler]; note: S-22 is used as verb, "he reigns"

rin, Script Z1203,
rina, Script Z530,
TC201, J19,
K6, K31, K46, K86,
K92, K100, K103,
K107, K113, S22
rine, Script N21,
N53, N553,
N624, Q488, J18
rines, Script Z1378
rino (rinv), N160,
N260, N254,|
N417
rinor (rinvr), Script
Z432
ryna Script J-1
rinu (rinf), Script
Z960, K67
rinos (rinvs), Z1571,
the Rhine river?

atiruS, adj. very
angry; roSaNa, adj.,
angry, wrathful,
passionate, enraged;
hRNAy, -yati, to be
angry; irasy, -syati,
to be angry

xesmgin, angry,
adj. (Persian)

zagniewany, zly,
angry (Polish)

thymos, orgi,
exorgizo, anger
(Greek)
i inatosur, i
zemëruar, i irrituar,
angry adj.
(Albanian)

ringor-i, to snarl, to
be angry

llidio, to be angry,
chafe, fume (Welsh)
ringhio (Italian)
irriter, courroucer, to
be angry (French)
mugai, to complain ,
oppose (Hittite)

be angry, irritated
[<Lat.irascor-i, to
grow angry]

rine, Script J18?

sarit [f], stream,
river; nAvya, adj.,
navigable, [n.f.],
river

rud, juy, stream,
[n]; rud, rudxâne,
river (Persian)

rzeka, river; brzeg,
podpier ac, podpora,
shore (Polish)

revma, potami,
kymatizo, stream;
paralia, akti, shore
(Greek)
lumë, river; breg,
candër, tokë,
mbështetëse,
pajandër, shore [n]
(Albanian)

rivus-i

afon-ydd [f], river;
glan-nau (glennydd)
[f], bank, shore,
brink, coast; traeth
-au [m], strand,
shore, beach (Welsh)
rio [m] (Italian)
rivière [f] (French)
hapa, river (Hittite)

river [<Lat. ripa,
bank], stream [<OE
stream] shore [<ME,
shore], bank [<of
Scand. orig.]

rio, riu (riv), Scripts
J11, J45, Z317,
Z386, Z439, Z508,
Z1553, Z1571,
TC307
ryo, ruo (ryv),
Script M8

tIra [n], shore, bank,
brim (of a vessel);
taTa [m.f.], slope,
declivity, shore,
bank; kUla [n],
slope, hill, shore, bank; rodha [m],
obstruction,
restraint, blockade,
dam, bank, siege,
shore

daryâkenâr,
karâne, bâr, shore
[n] (Persian)

rzeka, river; brzeg,
podpier ac,
podpora, shore
(Polish)

revma, potami,
kymatizo, stream;
paralia, akti, shore
(Greek)
breg, candër, tokë,
mbështetëse,
pajandër, shore [n]
(Albanian)

aripa-ae [f] shore, bank

afon-ydd [f], river;
glan-nau (glennydd)
[f], bank, shore,
brink, coast; traeth
-au [m], strand,
shore, beach;
achlesu, to succor,
shelter, protect; manure (Welsh)
ripa [f], shore, bank;
ripare, to protect,
shelter, repair (Italian)
abri [m], shelter;
abriter, to shelter,
cover; côte,shore;
(French)
pahsi, pahhas, to
protect, to graze
(Hittite)

shore, bank; to
shelter

rip, Script AE-6

RtIy, -yate, to
struggle, quarrel;
kalahAy, -yate, to
quarrel, contend;
vigraha [m],
separation, division,
isolation, discord,
contest, quarrel, war
with

setize, gele, quarrel
[n]; setize kardan,
to quarrel
(Persian)

klocic sie, klotnia,
sprzeczka (Polish)

filoniko, filonikia,
kavgas, quarrel
kavgas, filoneikia,
filoneiko, brawl
(Greek)
grindem, grihem,
hahem, zihem, bëj
sherr, prishem,
diskutoj, to quarrel
(Albanian)

rixor-ari

cweryla (cweryl),
quarrel; cynhennu,
to contend, quarrel;
ffraeo, to quarrel,
bicker, brawl, nag;
ymgecru, to quarrel,
wrangle, bicker
(Welsh)
litigare (Italian)
crier, brailler;
discuter, to dispute
(French)
mugai, to complain ,
oppose (Hittite)

to quarrel
[<Lat.querela,
complaint], brawl
[<ME brall]

riseras, Script M50

gRhya, adj. belonging
to a house, [m], the
house-fire, domestic
rite or rule; dhAman
[n], seat, home,
residence, law,
sacrifice, custom,
rite; karman, action,
deed, sacrifice, rite

âyin, rite [n]
(Persian)

ceremonia,
uroczystosc,
ceremony (Polish)

teletourgiko,
teletourgikos,
ritual; teleti,
ceremony (Greek)
ceremoni, rite [n]
(Albanian)

ritus-us, usage,
ceremony, rite;
caerimonia-ae [f],
holiness, sanctity,
holy awe, reverence,
religious usage,
sacred ceremony

defod-au [f] (Welsh)
rito, [m] rite (Italian)
rite [m] rite (French)

in due form, with
proper ceremonies,
rite, devotion [<Lat.
devoveo -vovere
vovi -votum, to
consecrate, devote]

rite, Script Z748
rito, ritu (ritv),
Script Q351

sarit [f], stream,
river; nAvya, adj.,
navigable, [n.f.],
river

rud, rudxâne, river
[n] (Persian)

rzeka, river (Polish)

potamos, river
(Greek)
lumë, river; breg,
candër, tokë,
mbështetëse,
pajandër, shore [n]
(Albanian)

rivus-i

afon-ydd [f], river
(Welsh)
riva [f] (Italian)
rive [f] (French)
hapa, river (Hittite)

river, shore, bank

riva (rifa), Script
Z1310
riv (ri8), Script J-11;
see rio

knUy, to wet,
moisten; ghR,
jigharti, to sprinkle,
moisten; klid,
klidyati, to be or
become wet, wet,
moisten, soil; pruS,
pruSNoti, pruSNute,
to wet, moisten,
sprinkle anything on
oneself, sprinkle
about

tar kardan, namdâr
kardan, to moisten
(Persian)

zwilzyc, moisten
(Polish)

ygraino, moisten
(Greek)
lag, njom, lagem,
njomet, to moisten
(Albanian)

roro-are, to drop
dew, drip, be moist;
ros, roris [m] dew,
moisture

gwlychu, to wet,
moisten, bedew,
drench, dip; lleitho,
to damp, moisten;
mwydo, to moisten,
soak, steep, irrigate,
macerate (Welsh)
inumidire irrorare, to
drop dew, moisture;
ruiada [f] dew
(Italian)
humecter,
humidifier; rosée [f]
dew (French)
watar (Gen. sing.),
wetenas, water;
warsa, dew (Hittite)

to drop dew [<OE
daew, dew], moisten
[<Lat. mucidus,
moldy]; humidify
[<Lat. humere, to be
moist]

ro, ru (rv),
Script Z1628, N268,
N339, N357, N363,
N738
ror, rur (rvr) Script
J43, Z432;
roras, ruras (rvras)
Script K31, K113' See rur below

x

x

x

x

rubor-oris, m., hardwood, oak

quercia, f. oak (Italian)
rouvre, m. oak (French)

hardwood, oak?

robaras (rv8aras), Script PL-15

parvati, zilA, [f],
rock, stone; azan,
[m], stone, rock,
sky; mahAzaila [m],
great rock or
mountain; giripati
[m], chief of
the mountains, high
mountain or rock;
dRSad [f], rock, large
stone, esp. the
nether mill-stone
raGg, raGgati, to move hither and
thither, rock

sang, xâre, rock
[n], jonbândan,
takân dâdan, to
rock / stone
(Persian)

kolysac sie, skala,
urwisko, rock
(Polish)

brachos, petra,
kouno, kouniemai,
rock; botsalo,
chaliki, ogkolithos,
boulder (Greek)
gur, kore e tokës,
shkëmb, formacion,
shkëmbor, gur i
cmuar, diamant,
gjel sheqeri , rock
[n]; gur, popël,
boulder [n]; gur, guralec, guri i
cmuar, bërthamë,
stone [n]
(Albanian)

rugus-i [m] funeral
pile; scupulosus,
rocky

clegr-au [m], rock,
crag, cairn, stony
place; clog-au [f],
rock, precipice; craig
(creigiau) [f], rock,
crag; tarren (tarenni
-ydd) [f], knoll, rock
(Welsh)
rocca [f] rock; roccia,
[f] rock, fortress,
distaff; roccioso,
rocky (Italian)
roc [m] rock; roche
[f] rock, boulder,
stone, stoney mass;
rocheux, rocky
(French)
peruna, rock
(Hittite)

rock [<ONFr.roque],
boulder [<ME
bulder], stone [<OE
stan], cairn [<ME
carne, of Celtic orig.,
mound of stones
erected as a
landmark or
memorial], crag
[<ME crag]

rok (rvk),
Script TC170,
TC298
roca (rvca) Z1314
roco (rvcv)
Script Z1227,
Z1146
rocio (rvciv)
Script TC90:
See Petra

x

x

x

x

rex, regis [m], ruler

re [m], king (Italian)
roi [m], king
(French)

king, regent, realm
[<Lat regimen]

roi, Script Z606,
Z1161, Z1310, Z1334,
Z1386, Z1578, Z1780,
TC28, TC179, AH-1,
L31, AM-3; MS-1
rois, Script Z1623
roim, Script Z1243

x

x

Rzymski, Roman (Polish)

romak [n], Roman
(Albanian)

Roma-ae, [f] Rome;
Rumina-ae, [f] a
Roman goddess

Rhufain, Rome
(Welsh)
Romano, adj. Roman
(Italian);
Romain, adj. Roman
(French)

Rome

Rom (Rvm), Script
Z1216, Z1310,
Z1770, F14 (Rvm he
= Rome you have);
Roma, Script Z1641;
Romi, Script Z1372,
Z1533, J33
Romna, Script F11;
Romia, Script Au13

AvAra, rakSNa [m],
guard, protection;
pAyu [m], guard,
protector; rakS,
rakSati, -te, to
protect, guard, keep,
save from; vartula,
adj. round [n], a
circle; parijri, adj.,
running or spreading
round; maNDalI, to
make or become
round; vITA [f], a
small round pebble

negahbâni, pâsdâri,
[n], guard; pâs
dâstan, to guard;
gerd, adj. [n],
round (Persian)

chronic, gwardia,
konductor, oslona,
straz, straznik,
strzek, warta,
zabezpieczenie,
guard; brac zakret,
dookola, kolo,
naboj, okraglak,
okragly, runda,
wokolo,
round (Polish)

roloi, bardia,
frourisi, froura,
frouros, epitiro,
prosecho,
epagrypno, watch;
frouro, fylasso,
froura, fylakas,
guard (Greek)
cikël, rreth, fetë,
xhiro, qark,
shëtitje, round [n]
bëj rojë, ruaj,
mbroj, kontrolloj,
fenoj, marr masa ,
to guard (Albanian)

rotundare, to make
round; runa-ae [f], a
dart

arail, to guard, care
for, foster, cultivate;
cadw, to keep,
preserve, save,
guard, hold, detain,
observe; gwarchod,
to watch, guard,
mind, ward; gwylio
(gwylied), to watch,
guard, mind, beware,
espy; cwmpasu, to
round, wind,
surround (Welsh)
ronda, [f] rounds,
watch (Italian)
rond [f], adj. round,
circular, rounds
(French)
pahsi, pahhas, to
protect, to graze
(Hittite)

to guard [<OFr.
guarder], ward [<OE
weard, a guarding]
watch, make the
rounds, make round?
gird [<OE gyrdan, to
encircle with a belt
or hand]; compass
[<OFr. compasser]

ron, run (rvn), Script
Z123, Z224, Z530,
Z1600
rona, runa (rvna),
Script Z1615,
Z1623
rone, rune (rvne)
Script Z1600
rons, runs (RVNeS),
Script Z568, Z1430
ronem, runem
(rvnem) Script
Z1438, Z1654
roni, runi (rvni)
Script Z727, Z769 rono, runo (rvnv),
Script R314
ronto, runtv (rvntv)
Script Q683,

x

x

x

x

x

x

Ronia, woman's name?

Ronia (RVNIA), Script BS-5; see Apronia

x

x

x

x

erunt, they will be

seront (French)

they will be

ront, runt (rvnt)
Script Q453, J48

raktaka, adj., red,
bloody; atilohita [f],
very red; pratAmra,
adj. deep red;
lohitAy, -yati, to
become or be red

sorx, germex, adj.,
[n], red (Persian)

czerwien,
czerwony, kolor
czerwony, krwawy,
rudy, red (Polish)

kokkinos, red
(Greek)
i kuq, i kuqërremë,
i skuqur, red, adj.
(Albanian)

rufus-a-um, red,
rudy;
rosa-ae [f] a rose;
roseus-a-um, rose
colored, rosy

coch-ion, adj.; rhudd
-ion, red; pinc [m]
pink (Welsh)
rosa [f] pink, rosso
[m] red (Italian)
rose [f] rose, pink;
rouge, adj. red
(French)

red [<OE read],
ruddy [<OE rudig];
pink [<OE pincen]

roph, ruph (rvph),
Q543
rose, ruse (rvse)
Script Z865

tiliGga, nepAla,
bAlhi [m], of
a country; uzInara
[m], of a people or a
country; videza [m],
a foregin country,
abroad; paradeza
[m], foreign or
hostile country.

kesvar, milhan,
rustâ, country [n]
(Persian)

rolny, wiejski,
wsiowy, rural
(Polish)

katanalono,
consume; agrotikos
rural (Greek)
fshat [n],
countryside
fshatar, bujqësor,
rural, adj.
(Albanian)

rodo, rodere, rosi,
rosum, to gnaw,
nibble at, corrode,
consume, disparage;
roro-are, to drop
dew, be moist;
ruro-are, to live in
the country

gwledig, adj., rural, countrified, country, agrarian (Welsh)
rurale, adj. rural
(Italian)
rural, adj. rural
(French)

rural?

ror, Script J43, Z432
roras, Script K31,
K113;
roros, rurus (rvrvs)
Script AG-1

tiliGga, nepAla,
bAlhi [m], of
a country; uzInara
[m], of a people or a
country; videza [m],
a foregin country,
abroad; paradeza
[m], foreign or hostile
country.

kesvar, milhan,
rustâ, country [n]
(Persian)

kraj, wies, country
(Polish)

chora, patrida,
ypaithro, country;
agrotikos, rural
(Greek)
fshat [n],
countryside
fshatar, bujqësor,
rural, adj. (Albanian)

rus, ruris, the
country, farm,
estate; rudise
e, rough, raw,
uncultivated,
unskilled

gwledig, adj., rural,
countrified, country,
agrarian (Welsh)
rurale, adj. rural,
farm; rustico [m]
farmhouse; adj.
rustic (Italian)
rural, adj. rural;
rustique, rustic
(French)

country [<LLat.
contrata]

ros, rus (rvs) Script R542;
rusa (rfsa) possible at TC108 but probably resa

rathanemi, f. the rim
of a chariot-wheel;
rathacakra, chariot
wheel

carx, carxe gerd,
wheel (Persian)
dewr, wheel,
circle (Kurdish)

kierownica, kolo,
wheel (Polish)
kelan, wheel
(Baltic-Sudovian)

trochos, peristrefo,
gyrizo, wheel
(Greek)
rrotë, wheel [n]
(Albanian)

rota-ae [f]

olwyn-ion [f],
wheel, cycle; rhod
-au [f], wheel, orbit,
ecliptic; troell-au [f],
wheel, spinning-
wheel, pulley; cerbyd-au [m],
chariot, coach, car
(Welsh)
roth (Scott)
ruota [f] (Italian)
roue [f] (French)

a wheel [<OE
hweol], chariot
[<Lat. carrus-i [m], a
four-wheeled
vehicle, wagon
[<MDu. wagen]

rot, rut (rvt),
Script Z133;
rota, Script Z1168,
Au22;
rotas, Script K131
rote, Script Z84;
roteu (RvTEF)
Script M24;

naSTi [f], loss, ruin;
dhvR, dhvarati, to
bend, cause to fall,
ruin; bhraMz,
bhrazate, bhrazyate,
to fall, drop, bounce
against, sink, decline,
decay, disappear, be
lost; cause to fall,
throw down, ruin,
destroy; lup,
lumpati (-te), to