Indo-European Table 1, Etruscan Vocabulary, Etruscan Phrases, with Indo-European cognates
7/19/06 Etruscan Vocabulary, Etruscan Phrases – Etruscan etymological relationships to other Indo-European languages; Proto-Indo-European (PIE): Indo-European, Table 1, Section 1B.1 Indo-European words as they relate to Etruscan – based on the Etruscan_Phrases vocabulary
Copyright © 1981-2006 Mel Copeland. All rights reserved.

Etruscan_Phrases

 by Mel Copeland

(from a work published in 1981)

Table 1, Section 1B.1: Indo-European words as they relate to Etruscan. Notes: *Armenian W = West Armenian; E = East Armenian.
See ERRATA for changes

Sanskrit

Avestan & Armenian*

Slavic & Baltic

Greek & Albanian

Latin

other

English

Etruscan

mam

is (Armenian)

ja, mi, mnie
(Polish)
mane (Lithuanian)

eme (Greek)
mua, mëm
ma, unë
(Albanian)

meus-a-um, my, mine

fi, fy ('m, 'n), i (fi), mi,
myfi (Welsh)
mi, pers. pron. to me,
at me, myself (Italian)
ammuk (Hittite)

me

mi, Script M-1,
AD-1; L11, L15
mia, Script Au-1,
Au90; VF-1

x

hezâr, thousand

tysiac, thousand
(Polish)

chilia, thousand
(Greek)
një
mijë, thousand
(Albanian)

milarius [millarius] -a
um

mil-oedd [f], thousand
(Welsh)
millanta (Italian)
mille, adj. [m], a
thousand (French)

containing a
thousand

MiLRS, Script K100

tarjita [n], bhartsita
[n], threat, menace;
tarj, tarjati, to threaten,
menace, abuse, terrify

tahdid, padest
n], menace (Persian)

grozba, utrapienie,
zagrazac,
zagrozenie,
menace (Polish)

fobera, apeili,
foberizo, apeilo,
menace (Greek)
kërcënoj, to menace
(Albanian)

minor-ari; minax-acis
[f]
, projecting,
overhanging,
threatening

bygwth, to threaten,
menace (Welsh)
minacciare, to menace
(Italian)
menacer, to menace
(French)

to jut out, project,
threaten [<OE threat], menace

minas, Script TC298
minis, Script Au30

aGga, aGgati, to move;
raGg, raGgati, to move
hither and thither, to
rock; Ilay, Ilayati, to
move; taraMgay, -yati,
to move to and fro,
toss;
mIv, mIvati, to
push, move

jonbes [n],
bordan, takân
dâdan, to move
(Persian)

poruszac,
posuniecie,
posuwac, przeprowadzac
sie,
przeprowadzka,
move (Polish)

kinoumai, kino,
move (Greek)
lëviz, gjallëroj,
zhvendos,
detryoj,
transportoj,
mallëngjej,
transferoj,
mbartem,
manipuloj, to move
(Albanian)

moveo, movere, movi,
motum

chwimio, to move, stir,
accelerate; cyffroi, to
move, excite, stir,
incite;
mudo, to move,
remove, emigrate,
migrate; ymod, to
move, stir (Welsh)
muovere (Italian)
mouvoir, to move;
mélanger, to mix
(French)

to move, set in
motion, remove,
dispossess; to
rock [<OE
roccian]

mo (mv),
Script Q521, Q813

taT, taTati, to rumble,
groan; kaj, kUjati, -te,
make inarticulate
sounds, coo, caw,
hum, moan, groan;
zvas, zvasiti, zvasati,
te, to blow, bluster,
hiss, whistle, breathe,
groan, sigh

nâle [n]
groaning; nâle,
zâri [n], moan;
nâle kardan, to
moan (Persian)

x

mougkrisma,
mougkrizo
, bellow
(Greek)
pëllas, rënkoj,
ulërij,
bellow (Albanian)

mugio-ire

bugunad, to bellow;
peuo (peu-), to puff,
bellow; rhuo (rhu-), to
roar, bellow, bluster;
griddfan, ochain (och-),
to groan, moan; ubain,
to howl, wail, moan,
sob; udo, to howl,
moan (Welsh)
mogio, adj. crestfallen,
downhearted (Italian)
moche, adj. shoddy,
ugly, dowdy (French)

to bellow, low,
roar, groan

mocum (mvcvm),
Script Z1578

mA, mimIte,
mApayati, -te,
to cause to be
measured or built,
build, erect; mi, minoti,
minute, fix, establish,
build, erect, observe

sâyes [n], ârdan,
sâyidan, to
grind;
sâxt [n],
sâxtan, to build;
kusidan, to
strive
(Persian)

ground, mlec,
ostrzyc, grind;
krzatanina,
podniecac,
podniecenie,
pomieszac,
poruszyc, ruch,
stir; budowa,
budowac,
built,
konstrukcja, build
(Polish)

aletho, tribo
akonzo, to grind
(Greek)
lëviz, trazoi, to
stir; trondit, bazoj,
ndertoj,
mbësate, to build;
luftoj, to strive
(Albanian)

molior-iri

cymysgu, to mix,
blend, mingle, jumble,
confuse; adeiladu, to
build, construct, erect,
edify ; llunio, to form,
shape, fashion, model,
construct (Welsh)
molare, to grind, bevel
(Italian)
méler, to mix, stir
(French)
wete, to build (Hittite
-Palaic)

to stir, displace,
work at, construct
laboriously,
build
[<OE bold, a dwelling],
erect, strive after,
destroy;
grind
[<OE grindan]

mola (mvla), Script
ZA-1, Z1282

mole
, Script Z40;
MVLeS, Script
M19

mahAvega, very
impetuous or rapid;
stormy sea; cUlaka,
tuft, crest [f];
cUlikA, the comb of
a cock, crest,
summit; komala, adj.,
tender, soft; mRdU
bhU, to become soft or
soften

narm, nâzok,
adj., narm [n],
soft (Persian)

bezalkoholowy,
cichy,
delikatny,
lagodny,
miekki,
soft;
delikatny,
lagodny, ostrozny,
szlachetny, gentle
(Polish)

malakos, apalos,
soft, leptos,
eugenikos, gentle
(Greek)
quetësoj, to
become gentle; i
ëmbël, adj. gentle
(Albanian)

mollesco-ere

esmyth, soft, smooth,
easy; meddal, adj. soft,
tender, flabby, mellow
(Welsh)
molach, adj. hairy,
rough, stormy;
mullach, top, summit
(Scott)
mollica [f] crumb
(Italian)
mollesse, adj. softness
(French)

to become
soft[<OE softe,
pleasant] or
gentle

molak (mvlak),
Script ZB-2, Z54,
Z206, Z805, Z859,
Z1049

MvLAK
, Script
Z446, M-1, M24

MvLAKE
, Script
Z463

dAvane, to give

dâdan, baxsidan,
to give (Persian)

dawac, gave,
podawac, give
(Polish)

dino (Greek)
jap, dorëzoj, lëshoj,
fal, përcjell,
dhuroj,
transmetoj, mbaj
[leksion], bie,
shkaktoj, to give
(Albanian)

munero-are and
muneror-ari
;
do [old form dano],
dare, dedi, datum
, to offer, give, grant

dodi, to put, place,
ay, give (Welsh)
dare, give; presentare,
present (Italian)
donner, give, present;
present, présenter
(French)
da (Hittite)

to give [<OE
giefan], present

mono, munv (mvnv),
Script M13

kuDya [m.f.], wall;
prAkAra [m],
encircling wall,
rampart; vArya, to be
checked or restrained,
[m], wall; saMdih [f],
heap, mound, wall;
paridhi [m], enclosure,
fence, wall, cover,
garment, horizon,
circumference

divâr [n], wall

mur, otaczac
murem, sciana,
wall (Polish)

o toichos, to wall,
teichos, wall
(Greek)
mur, anë, paret,
wall (Albanian)

murus-i [m]; paries, wall

caer-au, wall, rampart,
castle, fort, fortress,
city; magwyr-edd [f],
wall;
gwal-iau -au
(gwelydd) [f], wall;
mur-iau [m], wall
pared (parwyddydd)
[m], wall, partition;
peri, to cause, make,
bid, beget (Welsh)
muro [m], wall
(Italian)
mur [m] wall; murer,
to wall (French)
tanata, a wall (Hittite)

wall [<Lat. vallum
i
, wall of stakes,
fortification,
defense], defense;
partition?

mor, mur (mvr),
Script Z1378,
Z1600, Z1615;
MOReS, MUReS
(mvrs)
, Script Z692

x

x

x

x

Morpheus-eos [m] the god of dreams

x

Morpheus?

Morve (mvrfe),
Script Aph-18

gItavAdan[n], n. song
and music; taurya [n],
music; saMtani,
propogating a
continous sound,
sound, music;
vad,
vadati, -te
, sing, sound,
tell, teach, foretell
predict; make music,
speak, recite

âhang, xoniyâ,
navâ, music
(Persian)

damac, zadumac
sie, muse;
muzyka, nuty,
music (Polish)

rembazo,
rembasmos, muse;
mousiki, music
(Greek)
muzë, mendim [n],
muse (Albanian)

Musa-ae [f] the
goddess of music

cerdd-i -uf [f], song,
poem, lay, music,
poetry;
cynghanedd
ion
[f], music,
harmony;
miwsig [m],
music (Welsh)
Musa [f], Muse,
inspiration (Italian)
Muse [f] (French)

Muse, Musa
goddess of
music
[<Gk. mousike]?

mosei, musei
(mvsei)
, Script Q46

viprakRti [f], change,
variation; vihara[ m],
transposition, change;
vaikArya [n], change,
alteration; vinimaya
[m], change,
permutation,
reciprocity; Uha [m],
addition, change,
modification;
vipariNAma [m],
change, transformation

degargun kardan,
gard
ânidan,
degargun sodan,
to change (Persian)

drobne, odmiana,
prezebrac,
przesiadka, reszta,
rozmieniac,
wymieniac,
zmiana, zmieniac

allagi, allasso,
metaballo, change;
metalasso,
metakino,
metakinoumai,
ypekfevgo, bardia,
shift (Greek)
këmbej, ndryshoj,
ndreq, shkëmbej,
ndërroj, thyej
(Albanian)

muto-are

newid, to change, alter,
modify, commute,
convert, to change
(Welsh)
muta [f], change, shift,
relay (Italian)
mutation, change,
mutation [f];
mutin
adj. unruly,
mutinouurs
(French)

to move [<Lat.
moveo, movere,
movi, motum
]
shift [<OE sciftan],
change [<LLat.
cambiare]?

motin, mutin
(mvtin)
,
Script Z133, Z234;
motinum, mutinum
(mvtinvm)
, Script
Z10

satya, adj. real, true,
genuine, serious, valid,
sincere, faithful,
honest, good, reality;
khalu, adv., indeed,
verily, truly; itthA,
adv., right, well,
really, truly, indeed,
even

berâsti, adv.,
truly (Persian)

istotnie,
naprawde,
rzeczywiscie,
indeed; lojalnie,
naprawde,
rzeczywiscie,
truly (Polish)

pragmati,
pragmatika, indeed
(Greek)
, të, vërtettë, me
vërtetë, vërtet,
indeed, adv.; me të
vërtet, vërtet;
ciltërsisht,
realisht,
bisnikërisht,
sinqerisht
(Albanian)

ne [nae], used before
pronouns, indeed,
truly;
veritas-itas, the
truth, reality

dros ben, adv.
exceedingly, extra,
indeed, left over;
iawn,
adv. very, indeed;
gwir, adj., true, actual,
real, authentic; yn
wir,
adv. indeed;
gwir [m],
truth (Welsh)
in
verita, veramente
(Italian)
en effet,
vraiment]
(French)

indeed [<ME
indede], truly
[<OE treowe,
loyal]

na, Script ZB-3,
Z10, Z40, Z272,
Z561, Z568, Z681,
Z1080, Z1088,
Z1397, Z1591,
Z1647, TC28,
TC103, TC213,
K79, K86, K92,
K131, K136, AH-1,
N469, J45

na, ne, (no), (don't)

môi (not, never);
, not (Avestan)

ne (Serbo
Croatian)
liczba,
nie, numer,
odmowa,
polnocny,
sprzeciw, zaden,
no;
nic, wcale,
nothing (Polish)
nisto, adv. nothing
(Belarus)
ne, ni (Baltic
Sudovian)

ochi, mi, , mé
(Greek)
jo, jo aspak,
adv.(Albanian)

non

dim, no; neb, no one;
na (nad), adv. no, not,
nay; naddo, adv. no;
nag oes, adv. no;
nage,
adv. no, not so, nay
(Welsh)

no (Italian)
non (French)
(Tocharian)
ni (Lydian & Lycian) ni, nis (Luwian)
natta, no (Hittite)

not [<OE nowiht],
no [<OE na]

ne, Script Z543,
Z918, K113, N417,
N647, Q53, Q74,
Q84, Q95, Q661,
Q692, Q726, A745,
Q821, Q847, R248,
R286, R325, R359
ni, Script Z386,
Au13

no

hicyek, na, nor,
conj. (Persian)

ni, niti (Serbo
Croatian)
ani, negacja sumy
logicznej, tez nie
(Polish)
ani...ani, niether...
nor (Belarus)
negi (Baltic
Sudovian)

ochi (Greek)
as, asnjë (Albanian)

ne, neque

ni...na, neither..nor
(Welsh)
(Italian)
ni (French)

nor [<ME nor]

ne, see above

prajAt, adj., [f], born

nik, good,
prosperity
(Yagnobian)
nek, good,
prosperity;
zâyide
sode, adj., born
(Persian)

urodzony, born
(Polish)

gennimenos,
gennitheis, born
(Greek)
i lindur, i
konceptuar, i sajuar
(Albanian)

nascor-i, to be born, to
come into existence,
arise, be produced

geni, to be born, bear
(Welsh)
nascere; nascesfe, you
arose (Italian)
naître (French)
has, to derivate,
generate (Hittite)

born [<OE beran]?
to be born?

nac, Scripts
AH-3, Z263, Z432,
Z1227, Z1591,
Z1623, Au-1, Au55,
Au74, L15
nacim, Script AM-6
nacus (nakfs), Script
M32
nak, Script Z887,
Q303
nakua (nakfa), Script
Z522, Z905
nai, Script N100,
N112, N469

tArya, adj.to be
crossed or conquered;
[n], fare, toll;
tArika
[n], fare or toll for
passage.

kerâye [n] fare,
gozarân kardan,
to pay a fare
(Persian)

czuc sie, jedzenie,
miew ac sie,
oplata, wikt, fare
(Polish)

navlos, agogio
fare (Greek)
tarifë, pagesë,
udhëtar, ushqim,
engrëne [n], fare
(Albanian)

naulum-i

cost-au [f.m.], cost,
expense, fare, outlay
pris-iau-oedd [m],
price, value, fare,
charge (Welsh)
prezzo [m], price, cost
(Italian)
tarif [m] (French

fare [<OE faran],
passage money,
tariff [<Ar. tarif,
notification], cost
[<Lat. consto
stare -atit -statum
,
to stand together,
correspond, cost;
price [<Lat.
pretium-i]

nal, Script TC80,
TC103, TC236,
TC260, TC271,
TC327, TC338,
AN31

x

barâye, barâye
inke, for, conj.,
barâye, darpey,
prep., for
(Persian)

dla, gdyz,
poniewaz,
przez,
za, zamiast, for
(Polish)

gia, dioti, for
(Greek)
në favor të,
për, në
emër të, si,
gjatë,
për në, për shkak,
for, prep.
(Albanian)

nam, namque

canys (cans), oblegid,
conj., because, for
(Welsh)
per, a, di (Italian)
pour, de, par (French)

for [<OE for]

nam, Script Z1319

x

x

x

elegeia, (Greek)
këngë vaji, muzikë
e përmortshme
,
dirge (Albanian)

naenia = nenia-ae [f],
funeral song, dirge

galargan-au [f], dirge;
galarnad-au [f],
marwnad-au [f]
lamentation, dirge,
elegy; (Welsh)
nenia (Italian)
ishamai, a song
(Hittite)

funeral song, dirge
[<Lat.
dirigo
rigere -rexi
rectum
, to direct],
elegy [<Gk.
elegeia]; mourning
[<
murnan, to
mourn]

nanie, Script Q53

azucivrata, adj.,
making unholy vows

nâpâk, nâavize,
adj., unholy
(Persian)

nieszczesliwy,
nieszczesny,
unfortunate
(Polish)

anosios, asebis,
unholy (Greek)
mbinatyror, i
mëkatshëm,
unholy, adj.
(Albanian)

nefas

anffodus
(anffortunus), adj.
unfortunate; anfad, adj.
wicked, nefarious;
trwch [f], broken,
unfortunate, wicked
(Welsh)
nefasto, adj. ominous,
unfortunate (Italian)
néfast, adj. ill-omened,
pernicious (French)

contrary to divine
command, unholy;
nefarious [<Lat.
nefas]

naph, S-1;
naphar, Script N184

napti [f], daughter or
grand-daughter

nave, navâde,
grandchild [n]
(Persian)

x

mbesë (Albanian)

neptis-is

wyres-au [f], Welsh)
nipote [m., f] (Italian)
petite-fille [f] (French)

grand-daughter

napti, Script Q53

bhaN, bhaNati, to
speak, say, relate, call,
name; vac, vivakti,
vakti, to say, speak,
tell, reproach, censure,
blame, repeat or reply

dâstânsarâyi,
narration [n];
goftan, soxan
goftan, to say
(Persian)

mowic,
powiedziec,
said,
say (Polish)

lego, gnomi, say
(Greek)
kallëzim, tregim,
rrëfenjë, ritregim,
narration [n]; flas,
them, deklamoj,
mendoj,
shpreh, to
say (Albanian)

narro-are

dweud, to say, speak,
tell; adrodd, to recite,
relate, report, narrate,
recount (Welsh)
narrare (Italian)
narrer (French)
mema, tar, to speak;
(Hittite)

to make known, to
say, [<OE secgan]
to narrarate,
speak
[<OE
sprecan]

nar, Script Z648,
AJ17;
nara, Script Q65,
Q74, Q95, Q460

prajAt, adj., [f], born

zâyide sode, adj.,
born (Persian)

urodzony, born
(Polish)

gennimenos,
gennitheis, born
(Greek)
i lindur, i
konceptuar, i sajuar
(Albanian)

nascor-i, natos and
[gnatus]
, to be born, to
come into existence,
arise, be produced;
natus-a-um, born,
naturally, fitted or
constituted;
natio-onis
[f] being born, birth, a
tribe, race, people

geni, to be born, bear
(Welsh)
nascere; nazione[f]
nation (Italian)
naître, nation [f],
nation (French);

cin, a sort, kind
(Phrygian)
has, to derivate,
generate; hasmi,, kin,
kinship (Hittite)

born? to be born?

nas, Script TC170,
TC231, J35, K13,
AD-1, AE-1, AK-1,
AN-1, AN12,
AN31, R5;
natine, Script Q243,
R565;

x

x

Natalia, personal
name (Slavic)

Nasia, place name,
Nasia, Greece

natus-a-um, born

x

Nasia, personal
name [<Lat.
Natalie]

Nasia, VF-5

tattvabhAva,
true being or
nature

nahâd, serest,
tabiat,[n], nature
(Persian)

kharakter, natura,
przyroda,
usposobienie,
nature (Polish)
daba, nature
(Baltic-Sudovian)

fysi, idiotita,
charaktiras,
ousia, eidos,
organismos,
(Greek)
ckarakter, natyrë
(Albanian)

nature-ae [f]

natur [f], nature,
temper;
naws-au [f],
nature, disposition,
essence, quality;
ansawdd, quality,
state, condition, nature (Welsh)
nàdur, nàdurra (Scott)
natura [f], carattere [m] (Italian)
nature [f] caractére [f]
(French)

birth [<ON
burdhr], nature,
an element, the
world,
character [<Gr.
kharakter]

natur (natvr)
Script R156; TC61; See Note (1) & Errata (1)

nau [f] boat, ship,
vessel;

novrok (Kurdish)
nàva (Persian)

okret, statek,
wyslac,
zaladowac, ship;
lodka, lodz, statek
szalupa, boat
(Polish)

ploio, fortono, ship
barka, karabi,
ploio, ploiario,
boat (Greek)
anije, vapor, ship
[n];
barkë, varkë
lundër [n], boat
(Albanian)

navis-is [f] ship
navicula-ae [f] boat
navale-is, a station for
ships;
navalis-e, of
ships, naval, nautical;

llong-au [f], ship, bark,
craft; bad-au [m], boat;
cwch (cychod) [m],
boat, hive, beehive;
ysgraff-au [f], boat,
barge, ferry (Welsh)
nave [f]; barca [f], boat
(Italian)
navire [m], vessel;
barque [f], boat
(French)

ship, boat, barque,
sloop
[Du. sloep]

nave (na8e), Script
Q152
naflis, Script NC-2

x

enkâr, nakirâyi
[n], denial
(Persian)

odmowic,
zaprzeczyc, deny
(Polish)

arnoumai, deny
(Greek)
mohoj,
abdikoj,
nuk pranoj,
refuzoj, tërhiqem,
deny [n]
(Albanian)

nego-are; denego-are,
to say no, deny

gomedd, to refuse,
deny, forbid; gwrthod,
refuse, reject, deny,
decline (Welsh)
negare (Italian)
neir (French)

to say no, deny
[<Lat.
denego
are
]?

nekie, Script Z692

hvu, hvute, to hide
from, conceal from,
refuse, deny; satisfy,
apologize; sidh,
sedhati, -te, to drive
off, keep off, {prati}
prevent, deny, forbid,
refuse, deny

enkâr, nakirâyi
[n], denial
magar inke,
magar, conj.,
unless (Persian)

odmowic,
zaprzeczyc, deny
chyba ze, jesli nie,
unless (Polish)

arnoumai, deny
(Greek)

mohoj, abdikoj,
nuk pranoj,
refuzoj, tërhiqem,
deny [n]
(Albanian)

nego-are; to deny; ni
[nei] and nivi
, if not

gomedd, to refuse,
deny, forbid; gwrthod,
refuse, reject, deny,
decline; oni (onid), if not, unless; except, save, but (Welsh)
negare, to deny; ecceto
che
, unless (Italian)
neir, to deny; éxcepte