|
Table 1, Section 1B.1: Indo-European words as they relate to Etruscan. Notes: *Armenian W = West Armenian; E = East Armenian.
See ERRATA for changes
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mam
|
is (Armenian)
|
ja, mi, mnie
(Polish)
mane (Lithuanian)
|
eme (Greek)
mua, mëm ma, unë
(Albanian)
|
meus-a-um, my, mine
|
fi, fy ('m, 'n), i (fi), mi,
myfi (Welsh)
mi, pers. pron. to me,
at me, myself (Italian)
ammuk (Hittite)
|
me
|
mi, Script M-1,
AD-1; L11, L15
mia, Script Au-1,
Au90; VF-1
|
|
x
|
hezâr, thousand
|
tysiac, thousand
(Polish)
|
chilia, thousand
(Greek)
një mijë, thousand
(Albanian)
|
milarius [millarius] -a
um
|
mil-oedd [f], thousand
(Welsh)
millanta (Italian)
mille, adj. [m], a
thousand (French)
|
containing a
thousand
|
MiLRS, Script K100
|
|
tarjita [n], bhartsita
[n], threat, menace;
tarj, tarjati, to threaten,
menace, abuse, terrify
|
tahdid, padest
n], menace (Persian)
|
grozba, utrapienie,
zagrazac,
zagrozenie,
menace (Polish)
|
fobera, apeili,
foberizo, apeilo,
menace (Greek)
kërcënoj, to menace
(Albanian)
|
minor-ari; minax-acis
[f], projecting,
overhanging,
threatening
|
bygwth, to threaten,
menace (Welsh)
minacciare, to menace
(Italian)
menacer, to menace
(French)
|
to jut out, project,
threaten [<OE threat], menace
|
minas, Script TC298
minis, Script Au30
|
|
aGga, aGgati, to move;
raGg, raGgati, to move
hither and thither, to
rock; Ilay, Ilayati, to
move; taraMgay, -yati,
to move to and fro,
toss; mIv, mIvati, to
push, move
|
jonbes [n],
bordan, takân
dâdan, to move
(Persian)
|
poruszac,
posuniecie,
posuwac, przeprowadzac
sie,
przeprowadzka,
move (Polish)
|
kinoumai, kino,
move (Greek)
lëviz, gjallëroj,
zhvendos, detryoj,
transportoj,
mallëngjej,
transferoj,
mbartem,
manipuloj, to move
(Albanian)
|
moveo, movere, movi,
motum
|
chwimio, to move, stir,
accelerate; cyffroi, to
move, excite, stir,
incite; mudo, to move,
remove, emigrate,
migrate; ymod, to
move, stir (Welsh)
muovere (Italian)
mouvoir, to move;
mélanger, to mix
(French)
|
to move, set in
motion, remove,
dispossess; to
rock [<OE
roccian]
|
mo (mv),
Script Q521, Q813
|
|
taT, taTati, to rumble,
groan; kaj, kUjati, -te,
make inarticulate
sounds, coo, caw,
hum, moan, groan;
zvas, zvasiti, zvasati,
te, to blow, bluster,
hiss, whistle, breathe,
groan, sigh
|
nâle [n]
groaning; nâle,
zâri [n], moan;
nâle kardan, to
moan (Persian)
|
x
|
mougkrisma,
mougkrizo, bellow
(Greek)
pëllas, rënkoj,
ulërij,
bellow (Albanian)
|
mugio-ire
|
bugunad, to bellow;
peuo (peu-), to puff,
bellow; rhuo (rhu-), to
roar, bellow, bluster;
griddfan, ochain (och-),
to groan, moan; ubain,
to howl, wail, moan,
sob; udo, to howl,
moan (Welsh)
mogio, adj. crestfallen,
downhearted (Italian)
moche, adj. shoddy,
ugly, dowdy (French)
|
to bellow, low,
roar, groan
|
mocum (mvcvm),
Script Z1578
|
|
mA, mimIte,
mApayati, -te,
to cause to be
measured or built,
build, erect; mi, minoti,
minute, fix, establish,
build, erect, observe
|
sâyes [n], ârdan,
sâyidan, to
grind; sâxt [n],
sâxtan, to build;
kusidan, to
strive (Persian)
|
ground, mlec,
ostrzyc, grind;
krzatanina,
podniecac,
podniecenie,
pomieszac,
poruszyc, ruch,
stir; budowa,
budowac, built,
konstrukcja, build
(Polish)
|
aletho, tribo
akonzo, to grind
(Greek)
lëviz, trazoi, to
stir; trondit, bazoj,
ndertoj,
mbësate, to build;
luftoj, to strive
(Albanian)
|
molior-iri
|
cymysgu, to mix,
blend, mingle, jumble,
confuse; adeiladu, to
build, construct, erect,
edify ; llunio, to form,
shape, fashion, model,
construct (Welsh)
molare, to grind, bevel
(Italian)
méler, to mix, stir
(French)
wete, to build (Hittite
-Palaic)
|
to stir, displace,
work at, construct
laboriously, build
[<OE bold, a dwelling],
erect, strive after,
destroy; grind
[<OE grindan]
|
mola (mvla), Script
ZA-1, Z1282
mole, Script Z40;
MVLeS, Script
M19
|
|
mahAvega, very
impetuous or rapid;
stormy sea; cUlaka,
tuft, crest [f];
cUlikA, the comb of
a cock, crest,
summit; komala, adj.,
tender, soft; mRdU
bhU, to become soft or
soften
|
narm, nâzok,
adj., narm [n],
soft (Persian)
|
bezalkoholowy,
cichy, delikatny,
lagodny, miekki,
soft; delikatny,
lagodny, ostrozny,
szlachetny, gentle
(Polish)
|
malakos, apalos,
soft, leptos,
eugenikos, gentle
(Greek)
quetësoj, to
become gentle; i
ëmbël, adj. gentle
(Albanian)
|
mollesco-ere
|
esmyth, soft, smooth,
easy; meddal, adj. soft,
tender, flabby, mellow
(Welsh)
molach, adj. hairy,
rough, stormy;
mullach, top, summit
(Scott)
mollica [f] crumb
(Italian)
mollesse, adj. softness
(French)
|
to become
soft[<OE softe,
pleasant] or
gentle
|
molak (mvlak),
Script ZB-2, Z54,
Z206, Z805, Z859,
Z1049
MvLAK, Script
Z446, M-1, M24
MvLAKE, Script
Z463
|
|
dAvane, to give
|
dâdan, baxsidan,
to give (Persian)
|
dawac, gave,
podawac, give
(Polish)
|
dino (Greek)
jap, dorëzoj, lëshoj,
fal, përcjell, dhuroj,
transmetoj, mbaj
[leksion], bie,
shkaktoj, to give
(Albanian)
|
munero-are and
muneror-ari;
do [old form dano],
dare, dedi, datum, to offer, give, grant
|
dodi, to put, place,
ay, give (Welsh)
dare, give; presentare,
present (Italian)
donner, give, present;
present, présenter
(French)
da (Hittite)
|
to give [<OE
giefan], present
|
mono, munv (mvnv),
Script M13
|
|
kuDya [m.f.], wall;
prAkAra [m],
encircling wall,
rampart; vArya, to be
checked or restrained,
[m], wall; saMdih [f],
heap, mound, wall;
paridhi [m], enclosure,
fence, wall, cover,
garment, horizon,
circumference
|
divâr [n], wall
|
mur, otaczac
murem, sciana,
wall (Polish)
|
o toichos, to wall,
teichos, wall
(Greek)
mur, anë, paret,
wall (Albanian)
|
murus-i [m]; paries, wall
|
caer-au, wall, rampart,
castle, fort, fortress,
city; magwyr-edd [f],
wall; gwal-iau -au
(gwelydd) [f], wall;
mur-iau [m], wall
pared (parwyddydd)
[m], wall, partition;
peri, to cause, make,
bid, beget (Welsh)
muro [m], wall
(Italian)
mur [m] wall; murer,
to wall (French)
tanata, a wall (Hittite)
|
wall [<Lat. vallum
i, wall of stakes,
fortification,
defense], defense;
partition?
|
mor, mur (mvr),
Script Z1378,
Z1600, Z1615;
MOReS, MUReS
(mvrs), Script Z692
|
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
Morpheus-eos [m] the god of dreams
|
x
|
Morpheus?
|
Morve (mvrfe),
Script Aph-18
|
|
gItavAdan[n], n. song
and music; taurya [n],
music; saMtani,
propogating a
continous sound,
sound, music; vad,
vadati, -te, sing, sound,
tell, teach, foretell
predict; make music,
speak, recite
|
âhang, xoniyâ,
navâ, music
(Persian)
|
damac, zadumac
sie, muse;
muzyka, nuty,
music (Polish)
|
rembazo,
rembasmos, muse;
mousiki, music
(Greek)
muzë, mendim [n],
muse (Albanian)
|
Musa-ae [f] the
goddess of music
|
cerdd-i -uf [f], song,
poem, lay, music,
poetry; cynghanedd
ion [f], music,
harmony; miwsig [m],
music (Welsh)
Musa [f], Muse,
inspiration (Italian)
Muse [f] (French)
|
Muse, Musa
goddess of music
[<Gk. mousike]?
|
mosei, musei
(mvsei), Script Q46
|
|
viprakRti [f], change,
variation; vihara[ m],
transposition, change;
vaikArya [n], change,
alteration; vinimaya
[m], change,
permutation,
reciprocity; Uha [m],
addition, change,
modification;
vipariNAma [m],
change, transformation
|
degargun kardan,
gardânidan,
degargun sodan,
to change (Persian)
|
drobne, odmiana,
prezebrac,
przesiadka, reszta,
rozmieniac,
wymieniac,
zmiana, zmieniac
|
allagi, allasso,
metaballo, change;
metalasso,
metakino,
metakinoumai,
ypekfevgo, bardia,
shift (Greek)
këmbej, ndryshoj,
ndreq, shkëmbej,
ndërroj, thyej
(Albanian)
|
muto-are
|
newid, to change, alter,
modify, commute,
convert, to change
(Welsh)
muta [f], change, shift,
relay (Italian)
mutation, change,
mutation [f]; mutin
adj. unruly,
mutinouurs
(French)
|
to move [<Lat.
moveo, movere,
movi, motum]
shift [<OE sciftan],
change [<LLat.
cambiare]?
|
motin, mutin
(mvtin),
Script Z133, Z234;
motinum, mutinum
(mvtinvm), Script
Z10
|
|
satya, adj. real, true,
genuine, serious, valid,
sincere, faithful,
honest, good, reality;
khalu, adv., indeed,
verily, truly; itthA,
adv., right, well,
really, truly, indeed,
even
|
berâsti, adv.,
truly (Persian)
|
istotnie,
naprawde,
rzeczywiscie,
indeed; lojalnie,
naprawde,
rzeczywiscie,
truly (Polish)
|
pragmati,
pragmatika, indeed
(Greek)
në, të, vërtettë, me
të vërtetë, vërtet,
indeed, adv.; me të
vërtet, vërtet;
ciltërsisht, realisht,
bisnikërisht,
sinqerisht
(Albanian)
|
ne [nae], used before
pronouns, indeed,
truly; veritas-itas, the
truth, reality
|
dros ben, adv.
exceedingly, extra,
indeed, left over; iawn,
adv. very, indeed;
gwir, adj., true, actual,
real, authentic; yn wir,
adv. indeed; gwir [m],
truth (Welsh)
in verita, veramente
(Italian)
en effet, vraiment]
(French)
|
indeed [<ME
indede], truly
[<OE treowe,
loyal]
|
na, Script ZB-3,
Z10, Z40, Z272,
Z561, Z568, Z681,
Z1080, Z1088,
Z1397, Z1591,
Z1647, TC28,
TC103, TC213,
K79, K86, K92,
K131, K136, AH-1,
N469, J45
|
|
na, ne, (no), má (don't)
|
môi (not, never);
mâ, not (Avestan)
|
ne (Serbo
Croatian)
liczba, nie, numer,
odmowa,
polnocny,
sprzeciw, zaden,
no; nic, wcale,
nothing (Polish)
nisto, adv. nothing
(Belarus)
ne, ni (Baltic
Sudovian)
|
ochi, mi, má, mé
(Greek)
jo, jo aspak,
adv.(Albanian)
|
non
|
dim, no; neb, no one;
na (nad), adv. no, not,
nay; naddo, adv. no;
nag oes, adv. no; nage,
adv. no, not so, nay
(Welsh)
no (Italian)
non (French)
má (Tocharian)
ni (Lydian & Lycian) ni, nis (Luwian)
natta, no (Hittite)
|
not [<OE nowiht],
no [<OE na]
|
ne, Script Z543,
Z918, K113, N417,
N647, Q53, Q74,
Q84, Q95, Q661,
Q692, Q726, A745,
Q821, Q847, R248,
R286, R325, R359
ni, Script Z386,
Au13
|
|
no
|
hicyek, na, nor,
conj. (Persian)
|
ni, niti (Serbo
Croatian)
ani, negacja sumy
logicznej, tez nie
(Polish)
ani...ani, niether...
nor (Belarus)
negi (Baltic
Sudovian)
|
ochi (Greek)
as, asnjë (Albanian)
|
ne, neque
|
ni...na, neither..nor
(Welsh)
nè (Italian)
ni (French)
|
nor [<ME nor]
|
ne, see above
|
|
prajAt, adj., [f], born
|
nik, good,
prosperity
(Yagnobian)
nek, good,
prosperity; zâyide
sode, adj., born
(Persian)
|
urodzony, born
(Polish)
|
gennimenos,
gennitheis, born
(Greek)
i lindur, i
konceptuar, i sajuar
(Albanian)
|
nascor-i, to be born, to
come into existence,
arise, be produced
|
geni, to be born, bear
(Welsh)
nascere; nascesfe, you
arose (Italian)
naître (French)
has, to derivate,
generate (Hittite)
|
born [<OE beran]?
to be born?
|
nac, Scripts
AH-3, Z263, Z432,
Z1227, Z1591,
Z1623, Au-1, Au55,
Au74, L15
nacim, Script AM-6
nacus (nakfs), Script
M32
nak, Script Z887,
Q303
nakua (nakfa), Script
Z522, Z905
nai, Script N100,
N112, N469
|
|
tArya, adj.to be
crossed or conquered;
[n], fare, toll; tArika
[n], fare or toll for
passage.
|
kerâye [n] fare,
gozarân kardan,
to pay a fare
(Persian)
|
czuc sie, jedzenie,
miew ac sie,
oplata, wikt, fare
(Polish)
|
navlos, agogio
fare (Greek)
tarifë, pagesë,
udhëtar, ushqim,
engrëne [n], fare
(Albanian)
|
naulum-i
|
cost-au [f.m.], cost,
expense, fare, outlay
pris-iau-oedd [m],
price, value, fare,
charge (Welsh)
prezzo [m], price, cost
(Italian)
tarif [m] (French
|
fare [<OE faran],
passage money,
tariff [<Ar. tarif,
notification], cost
[<Lat. consto
stare -atit -statum,
to stand together,
correspond, cost;
price [<Lat.
pretium-i]
|
nal, Script TC80,
TC103, TC236,
TC260, TC271,
TC327, TC338,
AN31 |
|
x
|
barâye, barâye
inke, for, conj.,
barâye, darpey,
prep., for
(Persian)
|
dla, gdyz,
poniewaz, przez,
za, zamiast, for
(Polish)
|
gia, dioti, for
(Greek)
në favor të, për, në
emër të, si, gjatë,
për në, për shkak,
for, prep.
(Albanian)
|
nam, namque
|
canys (cans), oblegid,
conj., because, for
(Welsh)
per, a, di (Italian)
pour, de, par (French)
|
for [<OE for]
|
nam, Script Z1319
|
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
elegeia, (Greek)
këngë vaji, muzikë
e përmortshme,
dirge (Albanian)
|
naenia = nenia-ae [f],
funeral song, dirge
|
galargan-au [f], dirge;
galarnad-au [f],
marwnad-au [f]
lamentation, dirge,
elegy; (Welsh)
nenia (Italian)
ishamai, a song
(Hittite)
|
funeral song, dirge
[<Lat. dirigo
rigere -rexi
rectum, to direct],
elegy [<Gk.
elegeia]; mourning
[<murnan, to
mourn]
|
nanie, Script Q53
|
|
azucivrata, adj.,
making unholy vows
|
nâpâk, nâavize,
adj., unholy
(Persian)
|
nieszczesliwy,
nieszczesny,
unfortunate
(Polish)
|
anosios, asebis,
unholy (Greek)
mbinatyror, i
mëkatshëm,
unholy, adj.
(Albanian)
|
nefas
|
anffodus
(anffortunus), adj.
unfortunate; anfad, adj.
wicked, nefarious;
trwch [f], broken,
unfortunate, wicked
(Welsh)
nefasto, adj. ominous,
unfortunate (Italian)
néfast, adj. ill-omened,
pernicious (French)
|
contrary to divine
command, unholy;
nefarious [<Lat.
nefas]
|
naph, S-1;
naphar, Script N184
|
|
napti [f], daughter or
grand-daughter
|
nave, navâde,
grandchild [n]
(Persian)
|
x
|
mbesë (Albanian)
|
neptis-is
|
wyres-au [f], Welsh)
nipote [m., f] (Italian)
petite-fille [f] (French)
|
grand-daughter
|
napti, Script Q53
|
|
bhaN, bhaNati, to
speak, say, relate, call,
name; vac, vivakti,
vakti, to say, speak,
tell, reproach, censure,
blame, repeat or reply
|
dâstânsarâyi,
narration [n];
goftan, soxan
goftan, to say
(Persian)
|
mowic,
powiedziec, said,
say (Polish)
|
lego, gnomi, say
(Greek)
kallëzim, tregim,
rrëfenjë, ritregim,
narration [n]; flas,
them, deklamoj,
mendoj, shpreh, to
say (Albanian)
|
narro-are
|
dweud, to say, speak,
tell; adrodd, to recite,
relate, report, narrate,
recount (Welsh)
narrare (Italian)
narrer (French)
mema, tar, to speak;
(Hittite)
|
to make known, to
say, [<OE secgan]
to narrarate, speak
[<OE sprecan]
|
nar, Script Z648,
AJ17;
nara, Script Q65,
Q74, Q95, Q460
|
|
prajAt, adj., [f], born
|
zâyide sode, adj.,
born (Persian)
|
urodzony, born
(Polish)
|
gennimenos,
gennitheis, born
(Greek)
i lindur, i
konceptuar, i sajuar
(Albanian)
|
nascor-i, natos and
[gnatus], to be born, to
come into existence,
arise, be produced;
natus-a-um, born,
naturally, fitted or
constituted; natio-onis
[f] being born, birth, a
tribe, race, people
|
geni, to be born, bear
(Welsh)
nascere; nazione[f]
nation (Italian)
naître, nation [f],
nation (French);
cin, a sort, kind
(Phrygian)
has, to derivate,
generate; hasmi,, kin,
kinship (Hittite)
|
born? to be born?
|
nas, Script TC170,
TC231, J35, K13,
AD-1, AE-1, AK-1,
AN-1, AN12,
AN31, R5;
natine, Script Q243,
R565;
|
|
x
|
x
|
Natalia, personal
name (Slavic)
|
Nasia, place name,
Nasia, Greece
|
natus-a-um, born
|
x
|
Nasia, personal
name [<Lat.
Natalie]
|
Nasia, VF-5
|
|
tattvabhAva,
true being or
nature
|
nahâd, serest,
tabiat,[n], nature
(Persian)
|
kharakter, natura,
przyroda,
usposobienie,
nature (Polish)
daba, nature
(Baltic-Sudovian)
|
fysi, idiotita,
charaktiras,
ousia, eidos,
organismos,
(Greek)
ckarakter, natyrë
(Albanian)
|
nature-ae [f]
|
natur [f], nature,
temper; naws-au [f],
nature, disposition,
essence, quality;
ansawdd, quality,
state, condition, nature (Welsh)
nàdur, nàdurra (Scott)
natura [f], carattere [m] (Italian)
nature [f] caractére [f]
(French)
|
birth [<ON
burdhr], nature,
an element, the
world,
character [<Gr.
kharakter]
|
natur (natvr)
Script R156; TC61; See Note (1) & Errata (1)
|
|
nau [f] boat, ship,
vessel;
|
novrok (Kurdish)
nàva (Persian)
|
okret, statek,
wyslac,
zaladowac, ship;
lodka, lodz, statek
szalupa, boat
(Polish)
|
ploio, fortono, ship
barka, karabi,
ploio, ploiario,
boat (Greek)
anije, vapor, ship
[n]; barkë, varkë
lundër [n], boat
(Albanian)
|
navis-is [f] ship
navicula-ae [f] boat
navale-is, a station for
ships; navalis-e, of
ships, naval, nautical;
|
llong-au [f], ship, bark,
craft; bad-au [m], boat;
cwch (cychod) [m],
boat, hive, beehive;
ysgraff-au [f], boat,
barge, ferry (Welsh)
nave [f]; barca [f], boat
(Italian)
navire [m], vessel;
barque [f], boat
(French)
|
ship, boat, barque,
sloop [Du. sloep]
|
nave (na8e), Script
Q152
naflis, Script NC-2
|
|
x
|
enkâr, nakirâyi
[n], denial
(Persian)
|
odmowic,
zaprzeczyc, deny
(Polish)
|
arnoumai, deny
(Greek)
mohoj, abdikoj,
nuk pranoj,
refuzoj, tërhiqem,
deny [n]
(Albanian)
|
nego-are; denego-are,
to say no, deny
|
gomedd, to refuse,
deny, forbid; gwrthod,
refuse, reject, deny,
decline (Welsh)
negare (Italian)
neir (French)
|
to say no, deny
[<Lat. denego
are]?
|
nekie, Script Z692
|
|
hvu, hvute, to hide
from, conceal from,
refuse, deny; satisfy,
apologize; sidh,
sedhati, -te, to drive
off, keep off, {prati}
prevent, deny, forbid,
refuse, deny
|
enkâr, nakirâyi
[n], denial
magar inke,
magar, conj.,
unless (Persian)
|
odmowic,
zaprzeczyc, deny
chyba ze, jesli nie,
unless (Polish)
|
arnoumai, deny
(Greek)
mohoj, abdikoj,
nuk pranoj,
refuzoj, tërhiqem,
deny [n]
(Albanian)
|
nego-are; to deny; ni
[nei] and nivi, if not
|
gomedd, to refuse,
deny, forbid; gwrthod,
refuse, reject, deny,
decline; oni (onid), if not, unless; except, save, but (Welsh)
negare, to deny; ecceto
che, unless (Italian)
neir, to deny; éxcepte | |