bygwth, to threaten,
menace (Welsh)
minacciare, to
menace (Italian)
menacer, to
menace
(French)
to jut out, project,
threaten [<OE
threat], menace
minas,
Script TC298
minis,
Script Au30
avarārdha
x
MINIMUL,
minimul (Romanian)
x
minimus
minimo
(Italian) minimum,
minimum (French)
minimul,
the least
minimo (MINIMV)
Script T-7, PB-1
aGga, aGgati, to move; raGg, raGgati,
to move
hither and thither, to
rock;
Ilay, Ilayati, to
move; taraMgay, -yati, to move to and fro,
toss; mIv,
mIvati, to push, move
jonbes [n],
bordan,
takân
dâdan, to move
(Persian)
bugunad, to bellow;
peuo (peu-), to puff,
bellow; rhuo (rhu-), to roar, bellow,
bluster; griddfan, ochain (och-),
to groan, moan; ubain, to howl, wail, moan,
sob; udo, to howl, moan (Welsh)
mogio, adj.
crestfallen,
downhearted (Italian)
moche, adj.
shoddy,
ugly, dowdy (French)
to bellow, low,
roar, groan
mocum (MVCVM),
Script Z1578
aṅkh, to mix āśrī, to mix,
shuffle; mA, mimIte,
mApayati, -te,
to cause to be
measured or built, build, erect; mi, minoti,
minute, fix, establish, build, erect, observe
nirmā,
to build
sâyes [n], ârdan,
sâyidan, to
grind; sâxt
[n],
sâxtan,
to build;
kusidan, to
strive (Persian)
mahAvega, very
impetuous or rapid; stormy sea; cUlaka,
tuft, crest [f];
cUlikA, the comb of a cock, crest, summit;
komala, adj.,
tender, soft; mRdU bhU, to become soft or
soften
gennimenos,
gennitheis, born
(Greek)
i lindur, i konceptuar,
i sajuar (Albanian)
nascor-i,
natos and
[gnatus], pluperf. 3rd
pers. Pl, natierantto be born, to
come into existence, arise, be produced;
natus-a-um,
born,
naturally, fitted or
constituted; natio-onis
[f] being born,
birth, a tribe, race, people
geni,
to be born, bear
(Welsh)
nascere;
nazione[f] nation (Italian) naître,
nation [f], nation (French);
cin,
a sort, kind
(Phrygian)
has, to derivate,
generate; hasmi,, kin,
kinship (Hittite)
nave (NA8E),
Script
Q152 nafe
(NAFE) Script XE-7
naflis,
Script NC-2
(See MINRFA for Latin "V" = Etr. "F" and words
beginning with "8" = Latin "V" and "B.")
enkâr,
nakirâyi
[n], denial
magar inke,
magar, conj.,
unless (Persian)
odmowic,
zaprzeczyc, deny
chyba ze, jesli nie, unless (Polish)
arnoumai, deny
(Greek)
mohoj, abdikoj,
nuk pranoj,
refuzoj,
tërhiqem,
deny [n]
(Albanian)
nego-are;
to deny; ni [nei]
and nivi, if not
gomedd, to refuse,
deny, forbid; gwrthod, refuse, reject, deny,
decline; oni (onid), if
not, unless; except, save, but (Welsh)
negare, to
deny; ecceto
che, unless (Italian)
neir, to
deny;
éxcepte,
unless (French)
to say no, deny?;
if not, unless [<ME unlesse],
also
Word might be Neapolis-polis, modern Naples
but should be spelled like Meneleaus' name
(MENLe); thus NEIPLe.
wyr
(wyrion) [m],
grandson; nai (neiaint)
[m], nephew (Welsh)
nepote [m] (Italian)
neveu [m] (French)
hassa, hams, a
grandson (Hittite)
grandson,
nephew
[<Lat.
nepos]?
nepos,
Script F12
kRt, kRNatti, twist the thread, spin
{krtayati}, weave; tan, tanoti, tanute,
to
extend, stretch, spread, lengthen, spin out,
weave, string a bow; prave, to weave
on, attach to, to
restan, ristan, tanidan,
to spin (Persian)
tkac, wove, weave
(Polish)
yfaino,
weave
(Greek)
gërshetoj, ndërthur,
mpleks, to
interweave
(Albanian)
neo, nere, nevi,
netum
gweu, to
weave, knit;
ystofi, to warp,
weave, plan; plethu, to
plait, weave, fold,
braid, mat (Welsh) tessere
(Italian) tisser, entrelacer, to
weave together
(French)
to spin,
interweave, weave
[<OE wefan],
to plait [<Lat.
plico
are, to fold]
pragmati,
pragmatika, indeed;
alithina, eilikrina,
truly; nous, nea,
new (Greek)
në,
të,
vërtettë, me të vërtetë,
vërtet, indeed, adv.;
me të
vërtet,
vërtet;
ciltërsisht, realisht,
bisnikërisht,
sinqerisht
(Albanian)
nai = ne [nae], used before pronouns, indeed, truly novus-a-um, new
dros ben,
adv.
exceedingly, extra,
indeed, left over; iawn, adv.
very, indeed; gwir, adj.,
true, actual, real, authentic; yn wir,
adv. indeed; gwir [m],
truth (Welsh)
in verita,
veramente
(Italian)
en effet, vraiment; truly;
neuf, new]
(French)
indeed
[<ME ndede], truly [<OE treowe,
loyal]
new?
nia,
Script Aph-1; A-5? VP-10, BR-1
iSUy, -yati, to strive, endeavour;
inakS, inakSati, to strive to get; vanuS,
vanuSyati,
te, to aim at, strive after, plot against,
attack; iradh, -dhate,
strive to gain; yakS, yakSati, -te, to press
on, strive after
plu, plavate,
to float, swim, bathe, sail;
dhAv, dhA3vati, run, stream, pour, ride, swim,
glide, hasten; tR, tarati, -te, tirati, te,
turati, -te, titarti,
tarute, to cross over, overcome, escape, swim,
rush on, be
saved
senâ
kardan,
senâvar sodan, to swim (Persian)
miec zawroty, plywanie,
swam
(Polish) NOUĂ, f. NOU, new
(Romanian)
kolympo, swim
(Greek)
not, notim,
swim [n], fut në ujë, notoj,
to swim (Albanian)
ne,
no; no, nare, navi,
to swim
nofio, to
swim, float
(Welsh)
no, no; nuotare, to
swim (Italian)
non, no; nager, to
swim (French)
to swim
[<OE swimman]?
no, nu (nv),
Script
M50;
noa,
Script Z522, XA-21
x
x
x
x
x
x
name?
Nobnes, Novnes (NV8NES)
CP-40
nakti,
niz [f], kSapA, [f],
nak (nom)
night
sab,
sabhangâm,
adj., [n], night
(Persian)
noc,
wieczor, night (Polish)
nychta,
night
(Greek)
mbrëmje, natë,
errësirë, night [n] (Albanian)
nox-noctis [f]
nos-au,
nosweithiau
[f], night, dark (Welsh)
notte [f]
(Italian)
nuit [f]
(French)
neku, to
get dark
(Hittite)
night [<OE niht]?
nocis (NVCIS),
Script R447
naama, naaman.h
nãma
[nãman] (Avestan)
nâm [n], nâmidan,
to name (Persian)
ime
(Serbo
Croation) imie,
nazwa,
nazwisko, name (Polish) imia,
nazva,
f.,
nazow,
m.
name of a thing
(Belarus) NUME,
name (Romanian)
anoma, anomazo
(Greek) emër,
emërim
(Albanian)
nomem-inis
enw-au
[m], name,
appellation,
denomination, noun
(Welsh) ainm (Scott) anv
(Breton)
nome
[m] (Italian)
nom [m]
(French)
ñom,
ñem
(Tocharian)
name
nomem (NUMEM)
Script N184
na
na, na-, ma-,
adv.,
not (Persian)
negacja logiczna,
nie, not
(Polish) NU,
no (Romanian)
ochi, mi,
not
(Greek)
jo, nuk,
mos,
not,
adv. (Albanian)
non [old forms
noenum, noenu], not
dim, no; neb, no one;
na
(nad),
adv. no, not,
nay;
naddo, adv. no;
nag oes, adv. no; nage,
adv. no, not so, nay
(Welsh)
no, no
(Italian)
non, no
(French)
natta, no, not (Hittite)
no
[<OE nowiht]?
Nun, Egyptian god of fertility, oceans
non (NVN),
Script
Z176, Z190, Z206, Z327, Z347, Z357, Z369,
Z439, Z446, Z1846, Z1853, Z1869, Aph-22
Non, nun (NVN) See also Script
x
x
x
x
x
x
Nun,
Egyptian god of fertility, oceans
Non, Nun (NVN) Z41,
Z54, Z149 (reference is to the altar of Nun.)
aśrumukha,
collective name for father, grandfather,
great-grandfather
x
NUN,
person with special atributes at a wedding
(Romanain)
x
nonno
nonno
(Italian)
grand-père (French)
grandfather
nono, nunu (NVNV)
Script F-1
nava, adj., new, fresh,
young; adv., newly,
ately, just
morire,
spegnarsi, to die (Italian)
mourir, périr, to die (French)
die, to
encounter death, go to meet
opeto (VPETV)
Script Q59, R49
x
x
x
x
x
x
Oph, Etruscan
goddess of abundance?
Oph (VPH, VΦ)
Script Q297, Q286, Q303, R13, R112
x
x
UR, UREZ,
I wish; URA, to wish; ORAŞ, town, city; HORIM,
folk songs, we sing folk songs; URARE,
URĂTURĂ, orator; URSI, to
predict/impose the fate of a newborn (Romanian)
orio,
boundary (Greek)
oro-are,
to speak orsa-orum,
mentioned, spoken ora-ae,
boundary
bird of
auguries, raven, owl; Owl is symbol of Athena
osca (VSCA) Script
DH-4 (OSINAS, AC-17)
x
x
x
x
x
x
vOsia, name,
town by Rome: Ostia?
Osaie (VSAIE)
Script N453 "ie" = "ae" nom. pl.
us, osati
x
x
x
uro, urere, ussi, ustum
ustionare,
bruciare (Italian)
brûlure (French)
to burn,
scorch
osi (VSI)
Script Z47, Z681, Z834, TC201
x
x
x
x
x
x
Oso, Mt. Ossa
in N. Magnesia
Oso (VSV) Script
MS-5 (Note: Script MS is the Schøyen
Mirror, featuring Ikarius, the first diciple of
Dionysus driving a chariot pulled by two
centaurs. The forebearer of the centaurs,
Centaurus, mounted Magnesian mares and gave
birth to the race of centaurs.
x
x
x
x
hostis-is,
stranger hostia-ae,
sacrifice
straniero,
stranger; sacrificio, sacrifice; sacrificare, to
sacrifice; ospite, host; Ostia Consecrata,
consecrated host; ostile, hostile (Italian)
étranger, stranger; sacrifice, sacrifice;
sacrificer, to sell at a sacrifice; hostie,
host; hostile,
hostile (French)
stranger,
enemy, opponent or sacrificial animal
ost (VST)
Script Q899 oste (VSTE)
Script Q74, Q273 osti (VSTI)
Script Q283, R339 ostis
(VSTI) Script Z1326
paveo, pavere,
pavi, to fear,
quake;
pavimento-are, to pave
arswydo, to dread,
fear, shudder; ofni, to
fear, dread, apprehend; arynaig [m], fear,
dread (Welsh)
pavimentare, to pave; paura [f],
fear, dread (Italian)
paver, to pave; peur
[f], fear, dread
(French)
to fear
[<OE faer], panic;
phobia,
to pave?
paeveis
(PAEFEIS), Script S-10;
pav (PAF),
Script TC38;
pava (PAFA), Script DL-9
(Script DL is an engraving on a mirror of an
augur reading a liver and warning King Tarquin
to fear..) pavapa
(PAFAPA) Script XA-7
x
x
x
x
x
x
Paphos, name
(3rd. Decl. Nom.) Paphos, Cyriote city?
Aphrodite's sanctuary
Pafos (PAFOS)
Script XB-34
x
x
x
x
Pallas-adis and
ados [f], Athena, the Greek
goddess of wisdom; Minerva
palo [m], pair, couple;
pala [f] shovel (Italian)
Athena?
palas,
Script Au13
x
x
x
x
Pan, Panes
x
Pan, god of
shepherds, woods and flocks
Pan,
Script XF-2
dRDhay, -yati, to
make firm, fasten, confirm, strengthen
yu, yauti, yute,
yuvati, -te, fasten, hold fast, bind, harness,
join, unite;
dRbh, dRbhati, to connect, write; likh,
likhati (-te), to scratch,
furrow, slit, draw a line write
bastan, casbândan,
to fasten;
nevestan, nâme
nevestan, to write (Persian)
przymocowac,
zamknac, zapiac, fasten (Polish) ÎMPĂNA,
to fasten, to block (Romanian)
deno, stereono,
fasten; grafo, write; syntheto, compose
(Greek)
lidh, fiksoj,
kapem, mbyll, shtréngoj, to
fasten; kompozoj, shkruaj,
to write
(Albanian)
pango, pangere,
panxi;
ffasno, to
fasten;
clymu, to knot,
tie,
fasten, knit cliciedu, to latch, fasten;
cau, to shut, close, enclose, fence,
barricade, obstruct, fasten, lace (Welsh)
attacare, fissare, to
fasten, scriver, to
write (Italian);
attacher, fixer, to
fasten (French)
to fasten
[<OE faestnian], fix
[<Lat. fixus,
pp.
of figo-figere,
fixi, fixum, to fasten],
write, compose,
agree upon; to scratch
[ME scracchen]
pane,
Script N404;
panes,
Script AN15, AN41
x
x
x
x
Pania,
region near
Chiuso
pannia [f],
time
(Italian)
the people / region
of Pania?
Paniem,
Script Z591
(Note: Script Z, the Zagreb Mummy,
mentions many place names and Paniem may be
another. "em" would be sing. acc.
bhiSajy,
-jyati,
bhiSNajy, -jyati, to heal, cure
behbudi dâdan,
câre
kardan,
darmân kardan, to heal (Persian)
mikros, ligos, little
ftochos, poor
(Greek)
mendjengushtë
[fig.], i vocër, i
vogël, i pakët,
pak, i
shkurtër; adj., pak, paksa,
adv.; pak,
pron. little; fukara, i varfanjak,
i varfër,
i gjorë, i keq, adj. poor
(Albanian)
dla, gdyz,
poniewaz, przez, za, zamiast, for;
obok, przez, przy, u, w poblizu, by;
bezposredni, na
wylot, przez,
through (Polish) PE,
on, over (Romanian)
gia, dioti, for; para,
konta, plision, dia,
apo, by; dia mesou,
kateytheian, pera gia pera, through
(Greek)
në favor të, për,
në emër të, si, gjatë,
në vend të, për në,
për
shkak, prep. for
(Albanian)
per
canys (cans), oblegid,
for; heibio, by;
trwodd, trwy,
through (Welsh)
per; pei, for the
(Italian)
par (French
apa-nas (Avestan) mordan,
nâbud
sodan, ziyân
raftan, to perish
(Persian)
i"s"ceznuti,
propasti,
umreti
(Serbo-Croatian) ginac, przepadac,
stracic zycie,
perish (Polish)
aul'autune, to
die; nikt, to dissapear
(Baltic-Sudovian) PIERE,
she/he perishes, PIERI, you perish; PIERI,
he/she perished; PIER, I perish (Romanian)
ftheiromai,
katastrefomai,
perish;
exafanizomai, to vanish (Greek)
mbaroj, vdes,
prishem,
to perish
(Albanian)
pereo-ire-li-ivi-itum;
to
vanish, perish;
peroro-are,
to speak from beginning to end,
plead a cause; morior mori,mortuus, moriturus,
to die, to die away
colli,
to lose, forfeit, be lost, perish, spill;
darfod (dar-), to
perish, die, expire; trengi, to die,
perish, expire; difywyd,
adj. lifeless, dead; marw,
to die, expire, perish (Welsh)
eug, [m.], death, to
die, perishbàs,
death
bàsaich, to die, perish, wither (Scott)
perire;
morto,
adj.,
dead (Italian)
périr; mort,
adj. dead
(French)
wäl, to die (Tocharian)
ak, to die (Hittite)
to die
[<ON deyja],
vanish,
perish;
speak from beginning to end, perorate;
deillio, to proceed,
result, issue, derive,
emanate; hanu (han) to proceed, be derived,
be
descended; mynd, to
go, repair, become,
grow, proceed; tarddu, to spring, sprout,
proceed (Welsh)
procedere, to
proceed;
andare, to go
(Italian)
procéder, to
proceed
aller, to go
(French)
to continue,
proceed, go [<OE
gan]
forth[<OE
forth]
perk,
Script N160
x
x
x
x
personarum
fictio,
personification
personoli, to
personify, impersonate (Welsh)
personificare, to
personify (Italian)
personnifier, to
personify (French)
dyn-ion
[m], man,
person, fellow, pl.
folk, folks; person-au
[m], person (Welsh)
persona [f]
(Italian)
personne [f]
(French)
kektseñe, a body
(Tocharian)
person, fellow [<ON felagi,
business partner], body
[<OE bodig),
individual [<Lat.
individuus]; physique
[<Fr. physique]
kSam, kSamate, to be patient, quiet,
endure,
suffer, bear, pardon, forgive; tij, tejate,
to be
sharp, sharpen, incite, endure, bear, impel;
sah, sahate (-ti), to overpower, win battles,
be victorious,
master, suppress, bear, suffer, endure
ypofero, antecho,
endure; teleftaios,
kalapodi, diarko,
last (Greek)
duroj,
pésog,
qéndroj, rzistoj, to
endure (Albanian)
persto-stare-stiti
statum, to stand firm,
endure; duro-are, to
make hard, endure
dioddef, to
suffer,
bear, endure, wait;
goddef, to bear, suffer, endure, abide,
allow, tolerate; parhau, to last, continue,
endure,
remain, persevere,
perpetuate; ymaros, to bear with, endure
(Welsh)
durare, resistere, to
last; sopravvivere,
durare
a lungo, to last
out (Italian)
durer, endurer,
patienter,
supporter,
tolérer, to
endure;
durable, adj.,
lasting,
permanent (French)
to stand firm,
remain standing, last
[<OE laestan],
endure [<Lat.
induro-are, to
make hard or firm]
remain unchanged
pescare, to
fish
(Italian)
pêcher, to
fish
(French)
he fishes
[<OE
fisc]
pesca,
Script
LS-3
pramahas,
adj., of great might; bRhanta, adj.,
great; vimahant, adj., very great; adj., so
large, so great, so much; adj., much,
many, great, strong
bozorg, setabr,
meh, adj.,
meh [n],
great (Persian)
megas, megalos,
tranos, spydaios, great (Greek)
i madh,
i famshëm,
kryesor, fisnik, adj. great (Albanian)
pes, pedis [m] +
nimius-a-um, very
great, too great,
excessive, intemperate,
immoderate; n. as a subst. a great deal,
also excess, too much; magnus-a-um,
compar. maior,
maius; superl.
maximus, great
mawr-ion,
adj. large,
big, great, high (Welsh)
considerevole, magnamino,
superiore, adj., great, (Italian)
grand, éminent,
excellent,magnifique,
adj., great (French); mag-,
great (Illyrian) maki, much
(Tocharian)
name, Pesnimo? great feet/
army;
magnificent, major
abhiyogapattra [n], a petition or
writing of a
complaint; yAcikA
[f],
a petition, request;
prArthana [n], wish, desire, request,
entreaty, petition or suit
dâdxâst
[n],
darxâst
kardan, to petition (Persian)
petycja,
petition
(Polish)
parakalo, zito,
iketevo zitianevo,
beg (Greek) kërkesë,
peticion,
lutje, petition [n]; kërkoj,
lutem, to
petition
(Albanian)
peto-ere
-ivi -and
itum; to make for, go
for, petition,
petina-ae [f] a dish
to make for, go to,
attack; ask for, beg
[<OE beggen],
request, stand for, sue for,
petition
pet,
Script TC260 pet na,
or PETNA
Script Z1227 (Note: the "na" "ne" suffix is
given to the names of people; i.e. RASNA,
RASNE RASNES - name Etruscans called
themselves) petes,
Script XK-5
pa.ncha, paJNcha
pañca
[pañcan]
(Avestan)
panj,
adj. [n], five
(Persian)
hing, five
(Armenian)
pet (Serbo-
Croatian)
piec
(Polish)
piac (Belarus)
penkei, penkis
(Baltic-Sudovian)
penki
(Lithuanian)
pente
(Greek)
pesë (Albanian)
quinque
pump (pum),
(Welsh) cóig (Scott)
cinque (Italian)
cinq
(French)
pañä,
pic, pis
(Tocharian)
acchAi,
acchAgam, to
attain, go towards; vinaz,
to reach, attain
yâftan, to attain
(Persian)
osiagnac, zdobyc, attain (Polish) PE VINE,
to arrive (Romanian)
petychaino,
katorthono, attain (Greek) arrij, realizoj,
to
attain (Albanian)
pervenio
venire-veni
ventum
cwblhau, to fulfill,
complete, finish,
achieve; cyflawni, to
fulfill, perform,
commit, achieve,
execute; gorffen, to
finish, complete,
conclude, achieve;
cyrraedd, to reach,
attain, arrive, amount (Welsh)
pervenire, to attain
(Italian)
parvenir,
to attain
(French)
ta, to come; tija, to
come, approach,
become (Hittite)
to come through, arrive [<OFr. ariver]
at, reach,
attain
to [<Lat.
attingero-tingere
tigi -tactum, to
touch, reach],
achieve
[<OFr.
achever
<vener, a chef, to
come]
najblizszy,
nastepnie,
nastepny, obok,
sasiedni, tuz przy, next; nastepnie,
wiec, wowczas, w takim razie, wtedy,
zatem,
then; nastepnie,
po pewnym
czasie, potem,
pozniej,
afterwards
(Polish)
o pio kontinos,
epomenos,
prosechis, next;
tote, loipon, then;
katopi(n),
afterwards (Greek)
herën tjetër, pastaj, pas
kësaj, next,
adv., atëherë, në atë
kohë, pastaj, vec kësaj, adv., then
(Albanian)
post
wedyn, adv.
afterwards, then, after; yna ('na),
there, then; ynteu
(ynte), adv. then; conj. or,
or else, otherwise (Welsh)
poi
(Italian)
puis (French)
then, next,
afterwards
puia
(PFIA)
Script Z1780
x
x
x
x
x
x
PH, person's
initials?
Ph (Φ) , Script Z508
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pha, Etruscan
goddess; fay,
a
fairy, an elf [<Lat. fata]
ilios,
the sun
(Greek)
diell, dritë dielli, sun [n] (Albanian)
Phoebus-i [m],
Apollo the sun
god; hence, subst.
Phoebas-adis [f]
a
priestess, a
prophetess; adj.
Phoebeius
and
Phoebeus-a-um,
of
Phoebus;
sol-solis
[m],
the sun
haul(heuliau)
[m], the sun; huan [f], the sun (Welsh)
sole
[m], the sun (Italian)
soleil [m],
the sun
(French)
Phoebus-i [m],
Apollo the sun
god; hence, subst.
Phoebas-adis [f]
a priestess, a
prophetess; adj.
Phoebeius and
Phoebeus-a-um, of Phoebus; some early writers
identified Phoebus Apollo with the ancient sun
god Helios,
brother of Eos and Selene;
the sun
[<OE sunne]
pariveSTana [n],
cover, veil, ligature,
bandage; paTTaka
[m.f.], plate, tablet,
cloth, bandage,
document; varti [f], a pad or kind of bandage
on a wound, wick, paint, eye-salve
fascia-ae
[f], a bandage,
band, girdle, girth;
fascis-is
[m], bundle, packet; plur. fasces,
bundles of sticks with an axe projecting,
carried by lictors
before chief
magistrates
rhwymo , to bind, tie, lash, bandage;
gwregysu, to girdle bwndel-i [m],
coflaid
[f], armful, bundle; pac -iau
[m], bundle;
sypio, to pack, heap,
bundle, group (Welsh)
fascia [f],
band, belt,
bandage;
pl. swaddling
bands; faggoto
[m],
bundle (Italian)
paquet,
fagot [m],
bundle (French)
aGgarAga [m], paint, ointment,
perfume
(applied to the body); varti [f], a pad or
bandage on a wound,
wick, paint, ointment; varNay, -yati (-t), to
paint, colour, dye, picture, tell, relate; likh,
likhati (-te),
scratch, furrow, slit, draw a line, sketch,
paint
rang [n], paint;
rang zadan,
kasidan, to paint
(Persian)
lliwio,
to color, paint, dye; coluro,
to color, paint, conceal; peintio,
to paint; arlliwio,
to
color, tint, paint;
arlunio, to draw, paint, portray (Welsh)
dipingere,
to paint
(Italian)
peindre,
to paint
(French)
coelcerth-i [f], bonfire, blaze,
beacon, pyre
cynnau
angladdol,
pyre (Welsh)
aingeal, fire; las, va. kindle, set fire to,
light, get into a passion; lasair, [f]
flame, flash of fire;
teine [m], fire (Scott)
tan (Breton)
pira
[f] pyre, funeral pile (Italian) feu,
incendie [m];
flamme, ardeur
[f] fire
(French)
por, puwar,
fire
(Tocharian)
pahwar,
fire (Hittite)
baxsheñti
[baxsh]
para-baraiti
[para-bar], to
carry, to give,
to bear (Avestan)
dâdan,
baxsidan, to
give; parhizgâri,
dindâri [n],
piety (Persian)
dawac,
gave,
podawac,
give
(Polish)
davac,
v. imp.,
dac,
v. perf, give;
padavac, v. imp., padac,
v. perf., to
give, serve
(Belarus)
datune, padatun
(Baltic-Sudovian)
dino (Greek) jap,
dorëzoj
(Albanian)
dare,
donare,
to
give, pietas-atis
[f] dutiful
conduct,
devotion, piety
dodi,
to put, place,
lay, give; rhoi,
(rhoddi), to give,
bestow, yield, confer,
grant, put, ascribe
(Welsh) toir,thoir,
va. irr. bring, take, give (Scott)
pieta
[f] pity, mercy,
piety; dare,
to give
(Italian)
pitié [f]
compassion;
piété
[f] piety;
donner,
to give
(French)
bi, da,
(Lydian)
da,
pai, pija, peja
(Hittite)
da, pije, pibije
(Lycian)
(1) The word,
NAS, may refer to a corpse, the deceased, rather
than birth. In Avestan (Avesta, Vendidad,
Fargard 3) we have the word, Nasu, which can mean
"the corpse-demon" or the corpse (nasai). The
Etruscans would have had some ritual concerning
the deceased, that the corpse or ashes can defile
and that there was a corpse demon (probably
Charon, Tuchulcha or both). It is a custom of the
Jews, as listed in the Bible, that the corpse was
defiled and must be buried outside the city the
next day (before sundown). A rite – observed from
the Koran – maintains a similar tradition among
Moslems. Even today one can obtain some
significance with regard to the ritual evidenced
in the Moslem graveyard placed directly before the
Golden Gate to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The
gate was sealed by Sulliman II during the Crusades
and a Moslem cemetery placed in front of it.
People are prevented by the Moslem keepers of the
Temple Mount from approaching that sealed gate. In
Jerusalem in 1985 I asked a Moslem, "Why is it
sealed and why are the graves in front of it?" I
was told that the gate is sealed to prevent the
Jewish Messiah from entering the mount; the graves
are there since it is also believed by the Moslem
clerics that no Jewish Messiah would walk through
a Moslem graveyard. I, myself, found that one
could walk up to the wrought iron grating in front
of the Golden Gate, and I asked the dead to move
aside so that a path through the gate could be
opened, but no one heard me. David was right, that
the corpse, turned to dust, cannot praise God
(Psalm 30.9), and no doubt that even when the
Messiah goes through the gate the dead won't hear
him. I commented on this problem of the Golden
Gate in my works Maravot_Homepage_2.html
and Acceptable_Day_of_the_Lord.html.
3.14. Let no man
alone by himself (19) carry a corpse (20). If a
man alone by himself carry a corpse, the Nasu
(21) rushes upon him, to defile him, from the
nose of the dead, from the eye, from the tongue,
from the jaws, from the sexual organs, from the
hinder parts. This Druj Nasu falls upon him,
[stains him] even to the end of the nails, and
he is unclean, thenceforth, for ever and ever.
Translator's
notes: (http://www.avesta.org/vendidad/vd3sbe.htm)
19. No ceremony in general can be performed by
one man alone. Two Mobeds are wanted to
perform the Vendidad service, two priests for
the Barashnum, two persons for the Sag-did
(Anquetil, II, 584 n.) It is never good that
the faithful should be alone, as the fiend is
always lurking about, ready to take advantage
of any moment of inattention. If the faithful
be alone, there is no one to make up for any
negligence and to prevent mischief arising
from it. Never is the danger greater than in
the present case, when the fiend is close at
hand, and in direct contact with the faithful.
20. A corpse from which the Nasu has not been
expelled by the Sag-did ceremony (described
Vd8.14-22).
21. The word Nasu has two meanings: it means
either the corpse (nasai), or the corpse-demon
(the Druj Nasu, that is to say the demon who
takes possession of the dead body and makes
his presence felt by the decomposition of the
body and infection).
The
burial ceremony of the Etruscans may have been
similar to that of the Avesta. In the
beginning of the Vendidad the holiest
places on earth are described, in which case the
holiest is where the priest makes his sacrements. In
comparing the below scene to that which we see in
Etruscan murals, we have a wand, the offering of the
contents of a bowl, and the augur. Associated with
this activity is the sharing of the bowl between
those celebrated in the banquet of the tomb and an
egg. See Etruscan_Murals.html.
1.0
O Maker of the material world, thou Holy one!
Which is the first place where the Earth (1) feels
most happy?
Ahura Mazda answered: 'It is the place whereon one
of the faithful steps forward, O Spitama
Zarathushtra! with the log in his hand (2), the
Baresma (3) in his hand, the milk (4) in his hand,
the mortar (5) in his hand, lifting up his voice
in good accord with religion, and beseeching
Mithra (6), the lord of the rolling country-side,
and Rama Hvastra (7).'
Translator's notes: (http://www.avesta.org/vendidad/vd3sbe.htm)
1. 'The Genius of the Earth' (Comm.)
2. The wood for the fire altar.
3. The Baresma (now called barsom) is a bundle
of sacred twigs which the priest holds in his
hand while reciting the prayers. (See Vd19.18
seq. and notes.)
4. The so-called jîv or jîvâm,
one of the elements of the Haoma sacrifice.
5. The Havana [hawan] or mortar used in crushing
the Haoma or Hom.
6. Mithra, the Persian Apollo, sometimes like
him identified with the Sun, is invoked here as
making the earth fertile. 'Why do not you
worship the Sun? King Yazdgard asked the
Christians. Is he not the god who lights up with
his rays all the world, and through whose warmth
the food of men and cattle grows ripe?'
(Elisaeus.)
7. The god that gives food its savour: he is an
acolyte to Mithra.
(2)
The descent or abduction into hell or Underworld is
a common theme covered in the story of Persephone,
and in modified terms by the Queen of Heaven in
Egypt, Isis, or the goddess of Canaan, Anat. See Hittite_Treaties1.html
for texts on these relationships.
(3) NAKIM, NAKUS, NAKUA -This word represents an
interesting declension of "born" where the "im"
suffix suggests Latin "em" accusative, singular;
"us" suffix would be nominative singular, and the
"a" suffix would be accusative pl. neuter,
making this group Latin 3rd Declension.
(4) Thanks to Constantin Cucu for his contributions
on the Romanian language.
