Indo-European Table2B, Etruscan Phrases

Updated 7.17.04 Etruscan Phrases– Etruscan etymological relationships to other Indo-European languages; Proto-Indo-European (PIE):
Indo-European Table 2B, Indo-European words as they relate to Etruscan – based on the Etruscan_Phrases vocabulary,
http://www.maravot.com/Etruscan_Phrases_a.html
Copyright © 1981-2004 Mel Copeland. All rights reserved.

Etruscan_Phrases

by Mel Copeland
(from a work published in 1981)

**Table 2B** **Etruscan cognates as they relate to Indo-European words**
Table 1	Etruscan Cognates	English	Western-red	Central-green	Eastern-blue
Table 1A.1	ei	woe!	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	eic, eice, eik	eject	Etr, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	eifi	eternity	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	eim	himself, herself	Ert, W, Lat, Alb	x	x
Table 1A.1	eis, eiser	disown	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	egis	aegis, shield	Etr, W, Lat, E	x	x
Table 1A.1	el	she, her	Etr, I, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	emer	earn	Etr, I, F, Lat, Alb	x	x
Table 1A.1	emone, emones	warn	Etr, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	en	in, into, on	Etr, I, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	en	behold!	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	enac, enak, enek	kill, exhaust	Etr, W, I, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	ena, enas, ene, eno	escape	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	enito	shine	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	enuk	explain, enunciate	Etr, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	ep, Epe	spy; god, Epe	x	Etr, I, F, Alb	x
Table 1A.1	er, err, eras, ere, eres, Eria, erato, ero	err, wander	Etr, I, F, Lat, E	x	x
Table 1A.1	era, Eraia	era, epoch	Etr, I, F, Lat, Alb, Pol, E	x	x
Table 1A.1	erce	about, towards	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	erek, eric	erect	Etr, I, F, Lat, Alb	x	x
Table 1A.1	Ereni	Erinys, one of the Furies	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	erti, erto	ascent, steep	Etr, I, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	erok	distribute money	Etr, I, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	Eros	lord, god Eros	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	es, est, este	to be	Etr, W, S, I, F, Lyd, Lat, SC, Balt, Av, Skt	x	x
Table 1A.1	esa	bait	Etr, I, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	esari	plough	Etr, I, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	esuis	hungry	Etr, Lat, Alb	x	x
Table 1A.1	esi, eso	eat	x	x	Etr, E, S, Lat, Pol, Balt, Av, Skt
Table 1A.1	esona, esone, esones, esono	sound	x	x	Etr, E, W, I, F, Lat, Gk, Alb, Pol, Balt, Skt
Table 1A.1	et	and	Etr, W, I, F, Lat, Alb, Pol, Av, E	x	x
Table 1A.1	eta, etes, eto	beget, cause	Etr, Lat, Gk	x	x
Table 1A.1	etr	Etruria?	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.1	Eos	dawn, goddess (3)	x	x	Etr, Gk, Lat, Skt
Table 1A.2	fac, faca	make, do	Etr, W, I, F, Lat, Alb	x	x
Table 1A.2	fak, fakir	wander? to do?	Etr, I, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	fai	make, do	Etr, W, I, F, Lat, Alb	x	x
Table 1A.2	fal, fale	err, fault	Etr, I, F, Lat, E	x	x
Table 1A.2	far	grain	Etr, I, F, Lat, Alb, P	x	x
Table 1A.2	fas, fasie	fate	Etr, W, I, Lat, Alb, E	x	x
Table 1A.2	fe	sail	Etr, W, I, F, Lat, Alb, Skt	x	x
Table 1A.2	feifes	lasting, vigorous	x	x	Etr, Lat, Skt
Table 1A.2	feira	strike; ironworks?	Etr, W, I, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	fel	great, strong, valor	Etr, I, F, Lat, Alb, P	x	x
Table 1A.2	felara, felare	cover, veil, name?	Etr, I, F, Lat, Alb, E	x	x
Table 1A.2	feli	cover, veil	Etr, I, F, Lat, Alb, E	x	x
Table 1A.2	felkes	Velcha, town	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	fels	gall bladder, bile	Etr, I, F, Lat, E	x	x
Table 1A.2	felus	fleece, skin, vellum	Etr, I, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	feni, fenias	come	Etr, I, F, Lat,	x	x
Table 1A.2	fere, fersom	bear	Etr, Gk, Lat, Phry, Alb, Pol, P	x	x
Table 1A.2	fese, fesi	weary, old	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	Fesni	Fescennia, town	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	fet	feast	Etr, I, F, Lat, Alb, Pol	x	x
Table 1A.2	fetra	daughter	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	feture	offspring	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	fetus	hatching, bringing forth of offspring (2)	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	fi, fia	made, valued	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	fiaul	liver	x	Etr, W, I, F	x
Table 1A.2	fil, filar	spin, thread	Etr, I, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	file	daughter, race	Etr, I, F, Lat, Gk	x	x
Table 1A.2	filik	fruitful, happy	Etr, I, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	filos, filoi	son	Etr, I, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	fita, fiti, fithi	life	x	x	Etr, I, F, Lat, Alb, Av, P, Skt
Table 1A.2	fitos	trusty, true	Etr, Lat, I	x	x
Table 1A.2	frata	bush	x	Etr, I	x
Table 1A.2	frater, fratro, fratrom, fratros	brother	Etr, I, Lat, Gk	W, Br, Fr, E	W, Illyr, Lyd, SC, Pol, Bela, Balt, P, Skt
Table 1A.2	fol	people, crowd	Etr, I, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	folc	Vulcan?	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	ga, gam, ge, gia	ga, unknown suffix	Etr	x	x
Table 1A.2	gerve, gerviie, gers	genus, race?	Etr, W, S, Phry, Lat, Gk, Pol	x	x
Table 1A.2	geta, getum	Getaie (Thracians)? (1)	Etr, Lat, W, I, F, Alb	x	x
Table 1A.2	gice	giant, Gigas?	Etr, Lat, Gk, Alb, I, F, Skt	x	x
Table 1A.2	Giie	Gaea, Ge, goddess	x	Etr, Gk	x
Table 1A.2	gis	lie, be situated, layer	Etr, I, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	glas	amber	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	glatau	sword	Etr, W, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	ha, he, hia, ho, hos	have	Etr, Br, I, F, Lat, Pol, E	x	x
Table 1A.2	halt	halt	x	Etr, I, E	x
Table 1A.2	ham	hook, pref. of name	Etr, I, Fr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	hanerin	Henna, town?	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	hare, harar, haus	empty, harry	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	Hermenes	Hermes, place of	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	iakoi	throw	Etr, I, F, Skt	x	x
Table 1A.2	Ian, Ianos	Janus, god, passage	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	Iapes	Iapyx, the north-west wind	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	ic, ik	here, now	Etr, It, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	ic, iciien (or icren)	strike	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	Ikihi	Achaia	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	io, iko	I, pronoun	Etr, I, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	iek	eject, expel	Etr, F, Lat, Gk, Pol	x	x
Table 1A.2	Iepie, Iepo	Jepo, name	Etr	x	x
Table 1A.2	ier, ieri	yesterday	Etr, I, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	ive, ibe	there	Etr, I, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	if, ife	eternity?	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	ifetsum	escape, avoid?	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	il	him, he	Etr, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	ila, ilac	by that way	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	in	in, into	Etr, W, I, F, Lat, E	x	x
Table 1A.2	inic	throw in	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	inni, ino	swim, hymn	Etr, W, I, F, Lat, Alb	x	x
Table 1A.2	inok	enunciate	Etr, I, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	iuka	yoke	x	x	Etr, W, I, F, Lat, Balt, Alb, P, Skt, E
Table 1A.2	iuce, iuces, iuci, iuco, iucie, euki	horse, knight	Etr, S, Toch, Lat, Pol, Skt	x	x
Table 1A.2	iues	joy, enjoy	Etr, I, F, Lat, Alb, P, E	x	x
Table 1A.2	Ione, Ionas	Ione, Ionians	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	iuper	judge, order	Etr, I, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	ius, iur	judge, order	Etr, I, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	Iupater	Jupiter	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	ipa, ipie, ipi, ips	self? ibis?	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	ir, iri	ire, wrath	Etr, F, Lat, Skt, E	x	x
Table 1A.2	ir	go	Etr, I, F, Lat, Balt, Av, Balt	x	x
Table 1A.2	irecer	grow angry	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	iro	swear	Etr, I, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	is	he, she, it	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	isle	isle	Etr, I, F, Lat, Alb, E	x	x
Table 1A.2	isont, isunt	they are	Etr, F, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	iste	that of you	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	itek	therefore	Etr, Lat	x	x
Table 1A.2	itis, ito, iton	go, movement	Etr, I, F, Lat, Balt	x	x

Notes:

(1) This may be the word, Lat., iacio-iacere, It. gettare, Fr. jeter, "to throw"; I wonder if the Getaie received this name because they
were great with the spear (see the Illiad).
(2) See Indo-European Table 1.A.2 for a discussion on this word, how the egg is important in the 'rebirth of the soul' in Etruscan
scenes, such as Uni_Suckling_Hercules and banquet scenes in Etruscan tombs (Miscellaneous_Short_Scripts_a.html).
(3) Eos is mentioned twice in the Tavola Eugubine, Script Q253, Q263, and both times her name appears with PHABETV, who may be Phoebus-i, Apollo the sun god. The more ancient form of the sun god, the sister of dawn, Eos, is Helios. And he, of course, follows his sister at whose sight the stars, that last of whom is Hesperos, dive into Oceanas. The web site, http://www.theoi.com/Ouranos/Eos.html, lists the relationships and ancient sources of Eos as well as other gods. Like Helios, Eos drives a chariot with four horses, one of which is Pegasus. She is shown in the Divination_Lesson.html, where we see an augur prophesying to Tarchonos (Tarchon), "he fears the Tarquiei." Tarquinii-orum, is the city of Tarquina, from whence two kings of Rome, the Tarquins, came. To the left of the augur is the god, Fel Tvne (the great thunder), and to his right is a lady who must be the goddess of day (Hemera). Next to her is Tarchon and next to him, on the far right, is a young man with a branch. The young man appears to be Adonis, who was born in a myrrh tree who was killed at an early age by a boar. His cult cultivated short-growing plants. Whoever this person is, his name being spelled, RARLaR, is involved in a ritual that takes place at dawn. In the opening vrses of the oldest Hindu work, the Rig Veda (Sanskrit, "Praise of knowledge"), we are introduced to the goddess of dawn, Usas. It is she who presides over the ceremony of the Rig Veda, whose ceremony begins with an invitation to the god of fire, Agni, shortly thereafter the lightning -bolt throwning Indra, to drink of the Soma which those attending the sacrifice had prepared. All of the gods in succession are invited to sit and drink Soma with them. The ingredients of Soma are unknown, but from the Rig Veda's early chapters we know that it is grown only in the mountains, it is accompanied by laying straws of grass in a precise form upon the ground where the Soma is being served, in the center of which proceeding is a fire (Agni). Associated with Agni, who is the messenger of the gods, like Hermes, are gods who protect the home, or hearth. Indra is called by many names, among which is the Ram, which is the sign of a solar diety. And Indra is the father of the sun. Indra slew a dragon in the mountains and the act released a flood,

"Then giving life to Sun and Dawn and Heaven, thou foundest not one foe to stand against thee (Rig Veda, Book 1, XXXII, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, PVT.LTD, Quality Paperback Book Club, 1992)

The Rig Veda is relevant to our understanding of the ceremony at dawn and the Etruscan Scripts which no doubt involved a like ceremony, when an augury was being performed. It may be, in fact, that many of the Etruscan sacred texts are similar to the Rig Veda, calling forth the various gods to participate in the sacrifice and the drinking of the Soma. Soma is mentioned in the Avesta, the holy book of the early Persians (Avestans). I suspect the drink was made from hemp (which needs a minimum of 2.5 inches of rain per year; i.e., the moutains as opposed to the dry valleys of the Indus). Wine is mentioned in the Rig Veda ceremony but separate from Soma. What is mentioned with the Soma is drinking milk and honey. Milk, honey and a grain like barley produced mead. According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica,

"Mead also called Metheglin, alcoholic beverage fermented from honey and water; sometimes yeast is added to accelerate thefermentation. Strictly speaking, the term metheglin (from the Welsh meddyglyn, ≥physician,≤ for the drink's reputed medicinal powers) refers only to spiced mead made with the addition of such spices and herbs as cloves, ginger, rosemary, hyssop, and thyme; often, however, the terms are interchanged. Mead can be light or rich, sweet or dry, or even sparkling; in the Middle Ages it was usually similar to sparkling table wine."

Soma produced was ecstatic, it would appear, and probably was a liquid version of Marijuana. It was allowed to ferment for at least two days. While a butter-like fat was thrown on the fire, no doubt, just as the Greek heroes poured wine onto the ground in their ceremonies, as in the Illiad, the Aryans of India poured wine on the ground as well. The attention paid to the grass matting on the ground cover (an ox hide) where they sat and poured the Soma into beakers is interesting. It may be that the stalks of the Soma plant was that grass. We also know from the Rig Veda that to get the grass they had to fight the locals in the mountains, since the prayer of the ceremony gave thanks to protection from them. The ceremony is at least in part, or at least some of the verses are sung in part, prior to engaging battle, since it is Indra who leads them and the other gods in battle to defeat the barbarians, the riteless ones, around them. We also know from Indra's strides, as a giant like other Indo-European gods, his three strides across the world, kicking up dust, indicate the source of he Vedas: the Indus Valley, the land of the seven rivers, as listed in the Rig Veda. These people drove and fought in chariots, as did the ancient Greek heroes of the Illiad, and their wealth was measured in cattle, as in Celtic mythology.

Cremation is the paramount way of sending the dead to the gods, even today in India, as was true among the Etruscans. When we examine the character with winged heals in Etruscan tombs who is carrying away the souls of the departed, it becomes easier to relate to him in relation to the Agni of the Rig Veda. For Agni is portrayed, as fire would be portrayed, with wings flowing like a horse's mane (an analogy of the Rig Veda). Part of the Rig Veda ceremony involved the post to which the sacrificial victims were tied, which recalls the lingam symbol. That post, or tree, may have been the solid portion of the trunk of the Hemp tree which grows to about 15' high. The ceremonies at dawn, even the Easter Sunrise Service among Christians, no doubt shed light on what we are about to learn from the Etruscan Secret Books of the Dead and the ceremony before dawn.

The part that Hermes (Lat. Mercury) plays in Etruscan mythology is particularly interesting. According to Tacitus; work, Germania, the German god Odin (Anglo-Saxon, Woden) is related to the Roman god Mercury: "Above all other gods they worship Mercury, and count it no sin, on certain feast-days, to include human victims in the sacrifices offered to him." They both were guides of the dead, the clever inventor and messenger. Our day of the week, Wednesday [<OE Wodnes-daeg] and the French, word for Wednesday, Mercredi (Mercury day), owe their name to this interesting character in Indo-European mythology. While Woden is remembered in place names in Britain and America, not much more is known about him. He is remembered as an old man who wore a hood, had one eye covered, was seen coming by the gallows where his followers were hung and he could be witnessed in the Wild Hunt crossing the evening sky with his wild huntsmen of lost souls riding black horses and black bucks, "while their hounds were pitch black with staring hideous eyes (Anglo-Saxon Chronicles c. 1127).

Key to abbreviation of languges:

Alb, Albanian; Av, Avestan; Bal, Baltic-Sudovian; Bela, Belarus; Br, Breton; Car, Carian; E, English; Etr, Etruscan; F, French; Gk, Greek; I, Italian; Illyr, Illyrian; Irs, Irish; Lat, Latin; Luw, Luwian; Lyc, Lycian; Lyd, Lydian; P, Persian; Phr, Phrygian; Pol, Polish, S, Scott; SC, Serbo-Croatian, Skt, Sanskrit; Toch, Tocharian; W, Welsh; Details on entries may be accessed at the Indo-European Table 1 and its sections.

Visitors since 6.19.04

Please beam me to Indo-European_Table 1

Please beam me to Etruscan_Phrases home

Launched 6.16.04

Updated: 6.22.04; 7.05.04; 7.12.04; 7.14.04; 7.17.04

Copyright © 1981-2004 Maravot. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 1981-2004 Mel Copeland. All rights reserved.
Use of the information on this page is expressly forbidden for purposes of publication in any media without the prior written consent of the author.